The stochastic lot-sizing problem with quantity discounts

This paper addresses the stochastic lot-sizing problem with quantity discounts. In particular, we examine the uncapacitated finite-period economic lot-sizing problem in which the parameters in each period are random and discrete. When an order is placed, a fixed cost is incurred and an all-unit quantity discount is awarded based on the quantity ordered. The lead time is zero and the order is delivered immediately. First we study the case with overstocks by which the excess inventory incurs a holding cost. The objective in this case is to minimize the expected total cost including ordering and holding costs. The stochastic dynamics is modeled with a scenario tree. We characterize properties of the optimal policy and propose a polynomial time algorithm with complexity O ( n 3 ) for single discount level, where n is the number of nodes in the scenario tree. We extend the results to cases allowing stockout and multi-discount levels. Numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the algorithm and to gain the man- agement insights

Nonlinear pricing for stochastic container leasing system

With the substantial upsurge of container traffic, the container leasing company thrives on the financial benefits and operational flexibility of leasing containers requested by shippers. In practice, container lease pricing problem is different from the consumer product pricing in consideration of the fair value of container, limited customer types and monopolistic supply market. In view of the durability of container and the diversified lease time and quantity, the pricing is a challenging task for the leasing company. This paper examines the monopolist’s nonlinear pricing problems in static and dynamic envi- ronments. In particular, the leasing company designs and commits a menu of price and hire quantity/time pairs to maximize the expected profit and in turn customers choose hire quantities/time to maximize their surpluses according to their hire preferences. In a static environment, closed-form solutions are obtained for different groups of customers with multiple types subject to capacity constraint. In a dynamic environment, we address two customer types and derive closed-form solutions for the problem of customers with hire time preference. Further, we show that the effect of the capacity constraint increases with time of the planning horizon when customers have the same hire time preference; while in the case with different hire time preferences, the capacity constraint has opposite effects on the low and high type customers. Last, the case of customers with hire quantity preference is discussed. We focus on the lease with alternative given sets of hire time and use dynamic programming to derive the numerical optimal hire time sequence

第702回千葉医学会例会・第1内科教室同門会例会 5.

Significance of the difference on evolutionary rates and the number of PTM sites between different types of proteins. (XLSX 9 kb

Theoretical study on the topotactic transformation and memory effect of M (II) M (III)-layered double hydroxides

<p>The topotactic transformation mechanism and memory effect of NiAl- and MgFe- layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are investigated by density functional theory (DFT)-based molecular simulation under their two key thermal decomposition temperatures (365, 800 °C for NiAl-LDHs, and 380, 800 °C for MgFe-LDHs). The results show that at the first temperature, the interlayer carbonate in both LDHs decompose to CO₂ and H₂O via a monodentate intermediate. During the dehydroxylation of the layers, for both LDHs the metal cations maintain their original distribution within the LDH (0 0 1) facet, while migrating substantially along the <i>c</i>-axis direction, and the layered structure of MgFe-LDHs is destroyed earlier than those of NiAl-LDH. Meanwhile, MgFe-LDHs can keep the memory effect longer than NiAl-LDHs, and the memory effect will disappear when the four-coordinated metal cations increased. At 800 °C, the layered structure of NiAl-LDHs is slightly destroyed, while a complete collapse of layered structure occurs in MgFe-LDHs. These results agree well with the experimental findings. This work will be helpful for the design and preparation of nanocatalysts derived from LDHs precursors.</p

Metal-Induced B–H Activation in Three-Component Reactions: 16-Electron Complex CpCo(S₂C₂B₁₀H₁₀), Ethyl Diazoacetate, and Alkynes

The three-component reactions of the 16-electron half-sandwich complex CpCo­(S₂C₂B₁₀H₁₀) (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) (<b>1</b>) with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) and alkynes R₁R₂ (R₁ = Ph, R₂ = H; R₁ = CO₂Me, R₂ = H; R₁ = R₂ = CO₂Me; R₁ = Fc, R₂ = H) at ambient temperature lead to compounds CpCo­(S₂C₂B₁₀H₉)­(CH₂CO₂Et) ­(CHCO₂Et)­(R₁R₂) (<b>2</b>–<b>5</b>), CpCo­(S₂C₂B₁₀H₉)­(CH₂CO₂Et)­(R₂–R₁–CHCO₂Et) (<b>6</b>–<b>9</b>), CpCo­(S₂C₂B₁₀H₉)­(CH₂CO₂Et)­(CH­(Ph)­CCHCO₂Et) (<b>10</b>), and CpCo­(S₂C₂B₁₀H₉)­(CH₂CO₂Et)­(CH­(Fc)–CH–CCO₂Et) (<b>11</b>). In <b>2</b>–<b>5</b>, one alkyne is stereoselectively inserted into the Co–B bond, one EDA molecule is used to form a sulfide ylide, and the second EDA molecule is inserted into one Co–S bond to form a three-membered metallacyclic ring. At ambient temperature <b>2</b>–<b>5</b> undergo rearrangement to <b>6</b>–<b>9</b> through migratory insertion of the inserted EDA. Different from <b>2</b>–<b>5</b>, in <b>10</b> phenylacetylene is inserted into the Co–B bond at the terminal carbon and the terminal carbon is coupled with one EDA to afford a six-membered metallacyclic ring with the CO coordination to metal. In <b>11</b>, a stable Co–B bond is generated, and one EDA and one ethynylferrocene are inserted into the Co–S bond. Moreover, if weakly basic silica is present, <b>2</b>–<b>4</b> can lose an apex BH close to the two carbon atoms of <i>o</i>-carborane to give rise to CpCo­(S₂C₂B₉H₉)­(CH₂CO₂Et)₂­(R₁R₂) (<b>12</b>–<b>14</b>) accompanied by the coordination of the two sulfide ylide units to the metal center. The solid-state structures of <b>2</b>–<b>4</b>, <b>6</b>–<b>12</b>, and <b>14</b> were characterized by X-ray structural analysis

Construction of Ideological and Political Education Models and Critical Thinking on Applying Information Technology in Politics Teaching

<p>The Chinese ideological and political education is full of Chinese peculiarity. According to Marxism, the ideological and political education is one kind of social practice which considers education as its central task. Under the new concept of educational technology, ideological and political education should also reflect the characteristics of modern technology. The paper explores three technological models of this particular education including decision model, educational activity model, and educational resources and technology model. In the teaching process, teachers can apply different models in class or after class to meet the requirements of their teaching contents and objectives. Apart from three models, the paper also discusses advantages and disadvantages of applying information technology in politics teaching. Suggestions on how to apply information technology properly and efficiently are offered in the last part of the paper.</p

The peak points corresponding to the 15 detected lines in the polar parameter space obtained using the HoughFeature algorithm

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "HoughFeature, a novel method for assessing drug effects in three-color cDNA microarray experiments"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/256</p><p>BMC Bioinformatics 2007;8():256-256.</p><p>Published online 17 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1965489.</p><p></p> The up-regulated genes are shown in (a) and the curve intersection regions are zoomed in and shown in (b). The down-regulated genes are shown in (c) and the curve intersection regions are zoomed in and shown in (d)

Post-operative complications.

<p>* <i>P</i><0.05.</p><p>Post-operative complications.</p

Additional file 2: of Prediction of sensitivity to gefitinib/erlotinib for EGFR mutations in NSCLC based on structural interaction fingerprints and multilinear principal component analysis

The list of extracted 20 features for EGFR mutant-gefitinib and -erlotinib complexes. The first column is the mutation name. The last column is the response level to gefitinib or erlotinib. The first row is the index of features. (XLSX 27 kb

Additional file 1: of Gene expression profiling of 1200 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma reveals novel subtypes

Figure S1. PCA before and after batch effect correction for training and validation datasets via ComBat. (a) PCA on training dataset (n = 796) prior to batch effect correction. (b) PCA on training dataset (n = 796) after batch effect correction. (c) PCA on validation dataset (n = 472) prior to batch effect correction. (b) PCA on validation dataset (n = 472) after batch effect correction. (PDF 157 kb