Application of strain to fibrin gels.

<p>a) Fibrin gels were subjected to continuous tensile strain that was applied using a custom-made device. b) The length of gel extension (<i>L</i>) from the initial gel length (<i>L₀</i>) was defined as the applied strain (<i>L/L₀•100</i>%).</p

Summary and detail of complications of CAD/CAM composite crowns.

(A) Types of complications occurring and (B) cause of crown failure.</p

Baseline characteristics of study subjects with complications.

Baseline characteristics of study subjects with complications.</p

HUVECs in strained fibrin gels.

<p>a) Alignment of HUVECs in a strained fibrin gel. b) Aligned vessel-like structure in a fibrin gel (arrows). c) HUVECs in a control fibrin gel. d) Cells that developed lumens in a fibrin gel system. Asterisks indicate significant difference (p<0.01). The red arrow in the figure indicates the strain direction. The scale bars are 100 µm for b and c.</p

Kaplan–Meier curves for each covariate.

Log-rank tests were performed for each covariate. (A) Maxilla/mandible (P = 0.170), (B) 2nd/3rd molar and 1st molar (P = 0.971), (C) distalmost tooth/not distalmost tooth (P = 0.568), and (D) vital tooth/nonvital tooth (P = 0.011).</p

Myoblasts in strained fibrin gels.

<p>a) Myoblasts patterning in a strained fibrin gel (Bar: 100 µm). b) The alignment of randomly selected cells was determined by using image-analysis software (Bar: 200 µm). c) Nuclear staining of myoblasts in a strained fibrin gel. The arrows indicate proliferating cells (Bar: 100 µm). d) Linearly aligned cell groups formed in a strained hydrogel (Bar: 400 µm). e) Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of linearly aligned myoblasts sets(Bar: 200 µm). f) HE staining of a longitudinal section of rat skeletal muscle tissue (Bar: 50 µm). g) A cross-section of a strained fibrin gel containing myoblasts. The cells were evenly distributed in the hydrogel, and adjacent cells were not in contact with each other (HE staining, bar: 50 µm). h, i) SEM image of myoblast positions in a strained fibrin gel (h) (Bar: 100 µm) and in a control fibrin gel (i) (Bar: 100 µm). j) HE staining of myoblasts in a control fibrin gel (Bar: 200 µm). k) Cell proliferation in the fibrin gels subjected to different strains. Asterisks indicate significant difference (p<0.01). The red arrow in the figure indicates the strain direction.</p

Orientation of fibrin fibrils and formation of bundle-like structures in fibrin gels.

<p>a, b) AFM images of a control fibrin gel (a) and a strained fibrin gel (b, 50% strain). c, d) SEM images of bundle-like structures formed in a strained fibrin gel (c, 25% strain; d, 100% strain; bar: 5 µm). e) SEM image of a control fibrin gel (bar: 1 µm). f) SEM image of the border of the bundle-like structure in a strained fibrin gel (bar: 1 µm). g) Typical strain-stress curve of a fibrin gel used in this study. h) Representative image of a cross-section of a strained fibrin gel as observed under a phase-contrast microscope (TE2000, Nikon, Japan; bar, 100 µm). The border of the bundle-like structure was highlighted using the brush tool of Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe, CA, USA). i) A cross-section of native rat skeletal muscle tissue (Hematoxylin-eosin staining, HE). Each bundle exhibits a polygonal shape and the morphology resembles that in the cross-section of the strained fibrin gel shown in (h) j) The cross-sectional area of individual bundle-like structures was measured using image-analysis software (Lumina Vision, Mitani, Japan) and extrapolated to circular cross-sections to calculate the average diameter of the bundles under strains of specific magnitudes. The red arrow in the figure indicates the strain direction.</p

Timeline and types of complications of CAD/CAM composite crowns.

Timeline and types of complications of CAD/CAM composite crowns.</p

Results of the influence of the location and vital/nonvital tooth on CAD/CAM composite crown complications, assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model (<i>n</i> = 362).

Results of the influence of the location and vital/nonvital tooth on CAD/CAM composite crown complications, assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model (n = 362).</p