Evidence table for studies of Japanese population.

Evidence table for studies of Japanese population.</p

Equations for estimating the standard values of weight-adjusted peak oxygen uptake (, mL/kg/min) and anaerobic threshold (AT/kg, mL/kg/min) in each age group of the Japanese population.

Equations for estimating the standard values of weight-adjusted peak oxygen uptake (, mL/kg/min) and anaerobic threshold (AT/kg, mL/kg/min) in each age group of the Japanese population.</p

Evidence table for studies of other population.

Aerobic capacity is a fitness measure reflecting the ability to sustain whole-body physical activity as fast and long as possible. Identifying the distribution of aerobic capacity in a population may help estimate their health status. This study aimed to estimate standard values of aerobic capacity (peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold [AT]/kg) for the Japanese population stratified by sex and age using a meta-analysis. Moreover, the comparison of the estimated standard values of the Japanese with those of other populations was performed as a supplementary analysis. We systematically searched original articles on aerobic capacity in the Japanese population using PubMed, Ichushi-Web, and Google Scholar. We meta-analysed (total: 78,714, men: 54,614, women: 24,100) and AT (total: 4,042, men: 1,961, women: 2,081) data of healthy Japanese from 21 articles by sex and age. We also searched, collected and meta-analysed data from other populations. Means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The estimated standard values of (mL/kg/min) for Japanese men and women aged 4–9, 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and 70–79 years were 47.6, 51.2, 43.2, 37.2, 34.5, 31.7, 28.6, and 26.3, and 42.0, 43.2, 33.6, 30.6, 27.4, 25.6, 23.4, and 23.1, respectively. The AT/kg (mL/kg/min) for Japanese men and women aged 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and 70–79 years were 21.1, 18.3, 16.8, 15.9, 15.8, and 15.2, and 17.4, 17.0, 15.7, 15.0, 14.5, and 14.2, respectively. Herein, we presented the estimated standard values of aerobic capacity according to sex and age in a Japanese population. In conclusion, aerobic capacity declines with ageing after 20–29 years of age. Additionally, aerobic capacity is lower in the Japanese population than in other populations across a wide range of age groups. Standard value estimation by meta-analysis can be conducted in any country or region and for public health purposes.</div

S1-S13 Table, S1-S3 Fig., Supplemental Methods, and Supplemental Results.

S1-S13 Table, S1-S3 Fig., Supplemental Methods, and Supplemental Results.</p

Estimated standard values of weight-adjusted peak oxygen uptake (, mL/kg/min) and anaerobic threshold (AT/kg, mL/kg/min) for women in each age group of the Japanese population.

Estimated standard values of weight-adjusted peak oxygen uptake (, mL/kg/min) and anaerobic threshold (AT/kg, mL/kg/min) for women in each age group of the Japanese population.</p

Flow diagram of the article search process.

Sixty-two articles were identified in the systematic search, 45 were selected in the evaluation by title and abstract (primary screening), and 7 were included in the evaluation by full-text close reading (secondary screening). Furthermore, the grey literature search was performed on the reference lists of the articles identified in the systematic search, finding additional 14 articles. Therefore, 21 articles were finally included and combined in meta-analysis.</p

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist.

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist.</p

Estimated standard values of weight-adjusted peak oxygen uptake (, mL/kg/min) and anaerobic threshold (AT/kg, mL/kg/min) for men in each age group of the Japanese population.

Estimated standard values of weight-adjusted peak oxygen uptake (, mL/kg/min) and anaerobic threshold (AT/kg, mL/kg/min) for men in each age group of the Japanese population.</p

Multi-residue determination of pesticides in green tea by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation using nitrogen as the carrier gas

Helium is commonly used as a carrier gas in gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS); however, there are growing concerns regarding its global shortage and the resulting limited supply and high cost. Using nitrogen as an alternative carrier gas in GC-MS/MS with the widely used electron ionisation (EI) technique leads to a significantly lower sensitivity; thus, in this study, we explored the use of atmospheric-pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) as the ionisation method and examined the applicability of GC-(APCI)MS/MS with nitrogen gas for the determination of pesticide residues. GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen provided slightly wider peaks, and poorer isomeric separation compared to those using helium under identical conditions; however, the peak intensities were comparable. GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen was validated for 166 pesticides in green tea at a spiking level of 0.01 mg/kg and was compared with the conventional GC-(EI)MS/MS using helium gas. Except dimethomorph and resmethrin, GC-(APCI)MS/MS showed satisfactory results that were comparable to those of GC-(EI)MS/MS for most compounds, with trueness in the range of 73%–95% and relative standard deviations of <11%. The sensitivity and selectivity of GC-(APCI)MS/MS with nitrogen were superior to those of GC-(EI)MS/MS with helium. Therefore, GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen as the carrier gas, which has minimal concerns related to availability, could be a promising alternative to the conventional GC-(EI)MS/MS technique that employs helium.</p

Quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

<p>The applicability of liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) for the quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits was demonstrated. The LC-QTOF-MS parameters, such as cone voltage, capillary voltage, collision energy and mass extraction window, were carefully optimised for the analysis of pesticide residues. The LC-QTOF-MS method was validated for 149 pesticides in four vegetables and fruits, i.e. apple, potato, cabbage and spinach, at a spiking level of 0.01 mg kg⁻¹. The samples were prepared according to the Japanese official multi-residue method with a modification to the column clean-up procedure. Of the 149 pesticides, recoveries in the range of 70–120% were achieved for 147 pesticides in apple, 145 in potato, 141 in cabbage and 131 in spinach, with intra-day precisions (RSDs) of < 25% and inter-day precisions (RSDs) of < 30%, which are within the acceptable range given in the Japanese method validation guideline. Matrix effects were negligible for the majority of the target pesticides. Except for spiroxamine in spinach, no interfering peaks were observed in the blank samples. The target pesticides, except those with low sensitivity, achieved calibration curves with satisfactory linearity, with correlation coefficients (<i>r</i>) greater than 0.995 in the concentration range of 0.002–0.1 μg ml⁻¹. Furthermore, the majority of the target pesticides provided more than one fragment ion or isotope ion that could be used for confirmation. The overall results suggest that LC-QTOF-MS is a powerful tool for the quantification of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits at the level of 0.01 mg kg⁻¹.</p