Brain activation under right ventricular stimulation.

<p>Coordinates are relative to bregma in the right-left (x), superior-inferior (y), and anterior-posterior (z) directions (mm). Voxels in each cluster are expressed as the number of voxels exceeding the threshold of P<0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate in the second-level analysis (Group) and P<0.005 uncorrected for multiple comparisons in the first-level analyses of rats 13–24. Blanks indicate that no voxels exceeded the significance threshold in the right somatosensory cortex.</p

Representative echocardiograms of the electrical stimulation catheter inside the left (LV) or right ventricle (RV).

<p>Yellow arrowheads indicate the tip of the catheter from which electrical pulses were administered. The tip of the catheter was positioned at the interventricular septum in LV and the free wall in RV.</p

Brain activation under left ventricular stimulation.

<p>Stimulation of the left ventricle induced significant fMRI signal increases in the anterior cingulate cortex (<b>A, B</b>) and in the right somatosensory cortex (<b>C, D</b>), as measured in the second-level analysis (n = 12). Consistent with this group-level result, first-level analyses in three representative rats (rats 4, 6, and 11 quoted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056990#pone-0056990-t001" target="_blank"><b>table 1</b></a>) demonstrated reproducible activations in the anterior cingulate cortex (<b>E, F, I, J, M, N</b>) and in the right somatosensory cortex (<b>G, H, K, L, O, P</b>). The results are displayed on the male Wistar rat template. The color calibration bars in each image represent critical t-score magnitudes for a threshold level of P<0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (<b>A–D</b>) and P<0.005 uncorrected for multiple comparisons (<b>E–P</b>).</p

Temporal profiles of fMRI signals under left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) stimulation.

<p>Temporal profiles showing the averaged fMRI signal intensity changes of the anterior cingulate cortex (<b>A</b>, n = 10) and the right somatosensory cortex (<b>B</b>, n = 11) in response to LV stimulation (red lines) and the right somatosensory cortex (<b>C</b>, n = 11) in response to RV stimulation (blue line). The black bars represent the duration of the 2-mA stimulation.</p

Brain activation under left ventricular stimulation.

<p>Coordinates are relative to bregma in the right-left (x), superior-inferior (y), and anterior-posterior (z) directions (mm). Voxels in each cluster are expressed as the number of voxels exceeding the threshold of P<0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate in the second-level analysis (Group) and P<0.005 uncorrected for multiple comparisons in the first-level analyses of rats 1–12. Blanks indicate that no voxels exceeded the significance threshold in the anterior cingulate cortex or in the right somatosensory cortex.</p

Brain activation under right ventricular stimulation.

<p>Stimulation of the right ventricle induced significant fMRI signal increases in the right somatosensory cortex (<b>A, B</b>), as measured in the second-level analysis (n = 12). Consistent with this group-level result, first-level analyses in three representative rats (rats 17, 20, and 23 quoted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056990#pone-0056990-t002" target="_blank"><b>table 2</b></a>) demonstrated reproducible activations in the right somatosensory cortex (<b>C–H</b>). The results are displayed on the male Wistar rat template. The color calibration bars in each image represent critical t-score magnitudes for a threshold level of P<0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (<b>A, B</b>) and P<0.005 uncorrected for multiple comparisons (<b>C–H</b>).</p

Genes and isoforms comparisons.

<p>Cufflinks analysis was performed for (A) Gene number (B) and isoform number for each cell line and method, using total read count data. A similar analysis using (C) mean gene number and (D) mean isoform number obtained from 5 independent sampling events of 10 million reads from each sample. The 5 independent random samples of 10 million reads from each of the replicate samples were combined to give 10 total independent random sample events from replicates for testing the significance in a t-test for (E) gene number and (F) isoform number. (G) Venn Diagrams of STAR junction reads from CD34+ (top) and Jurkat (bottom) libraries, highlighting the differences in junction read coverage with each method. (H) Graph summarizing the three methods, following normalization of total alignments from the 10 million read count samples, including unique reads, duplicate reads, and secondary alignments.</p

Comparisons of RNA-seq library methods.

<p>(A) and (B) Outline of the steps involved in the Direct Ligation (DL) and Random Priming (RP) library methods. Details are provided in Materials and methods. (C) Plots of average read coverage from 5’ to 3’ across the 10,000 most highly expressed genes for each library method. Note the 3’-end bias in the oligo-dT method (yellow) and the extreme center-weighted coverage for the MALBAC method (far left, green). Two independent libraries from the Jurkat (middle) and CD34+ (right) samples were compared for the DL (bottom, blue) and RP (top, red) methods. (D) Reads per sample shows total library size, in reads mapped to the reference genome (larger is better). (E) Marked secondary alignments is an indicator of reads that align to more than one location in the genome (smaller is better). (F) Marked Duplicate Reads is a measure of reads with identical start points and CIGAR scores (smaller is better).</p

Number of RNA editing sites.

<p>(A) CD34+ cells and (B) Jurkat cells. Replicate samples were combined to give 10 total independent random sample events from replicates of (C) CD34+ and (D) Jurkat cells for testing the significance in a students’ t-test. Venn Diagram of Random Primer editing site overlaps for (E) CD34+ and (F) Jurkat cells.</p

White matter microstructure measures in normotensive and pre-hypertensive groups after propensity score matching.

<p>White matter microstructure measures in normotensive and pre-hypertensive groups after propensity score matching.</p