The Ecotourism Livelihood Growth and Local Wisdom Preserved by the Tengger Community in Gubugklakah Village: Ways to be Sustainable?

Integration between the needs for natural tourism exploration by urban communities has the potential to diversify agricultural and tourism livelihoods in rural communities. This phenomenon has triggered ecotourism growth through capacity development balanced with local wisdom preserved by the Tengger community in Gubugklakah Village. This study aims to: 1) Analyze the livelihood based on ecotourism growth by the farmers' community in Gubugklakah Village and 2) Explore the capacity development and local wisdom preserved by the Tengger community as ecotourism actors in Gubugklakah Village. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. This study is located in Gubugklalah Village, which offers an ecotourism destination in Malang Regency with the attractiveness of local wisdom by the Tengger community. This study started from April to May 2021 and continued in September 2022 and March 2023. Data analysis used an interactive model by Miles and Huberman. The result shows that ecotourism growth in Gubugklakah Village includes agrotourism (apple-picking and agricultural cultivation education) and tourism forests (Lawangsari Café and Lodji Coffee Shop). Ecotourism management involves the local community through capacity development and local wisdom preservation, consisting of the traditional ceremony system, language, and livelihood system of the Tengger community in Gubugklakah Village

Pengelolaan Program Hutan Kemasyarakatan Berbasis Kearifan Lokal : Studi Kasus di Kawasan Hutan Lindung Sesaot Lombok Barat

The research was aimed to: (1) evaluate comprehensively on the understanding of the local community on the Community Forest Programme (2) establish better understanding of Awig-Awig on Community Forest Management and (3) have better understanding of the Community Forest Programme implementation. Some theories have been used to analyse the research including: human ecology theory and Symbolic interactional theory. The methods of the research was a qualitative design using a case study. The responden or key informans were people who living accros the area both as farmer being involved in the programm and non-programme farmers as well as particular people who has better understanding on the community forest programme. The informans were determined using a snowball sampling dan purposive method. Data collecting was conducted by a direct observation, in-deepth interview, documentation and triangulation study. Data analysis was done with deskriptive analyse using Miles and Huberman Models. The data and information validation was tested using triangulation method and personal confirmation via deep discussion. Results of research: First, the Community forest programm according to local farmers was`transleted as a chance to have land holding in the forest area to be farming system. As a results, the people tend to behave exsploitatively and economically in maximizing the land use. In relation to conservation function, there were a discripancy understanding between community groups and Forest Institution. The conservation according to the local community was transleted from entire vegetation as economic objective, so, the use of land was dominated by the Multy Purposes Trees Species (MPTS) while based on the forest institution , the tree has to be integrated to the conservation function to support economic value. Second, The revitalisation of Awig-awig as the local convention of implementing the community forest programme is thought to be just a symbol of local value. Thus, the local wisdom was not effective to support the integration of conservation and economic objectives of such programme. From 12 points of convention as written on the Awig-Awig manuscript of Area Managmenen, the were only three point which have been accomodated effectively by the community while the rest of nine points were not obeyed. In other words, the people tend to break the convention on the Awig-Awig. It is important to note that the convention based on Awig-Awig which were very difficult to be solved including: illegal lodgging sindicate, slash and burning the land, illegal property, and convention relate to vegetation composition of the land. Third, The implementation of the community forest programme has not been effective to suport sustainable forest management. The management of the programm seems to be a short term target rather than long therm target. This is more likely due to the willingness orientation of the local community rather than to meet their daily needs. Based on the results, the academic recommendation proposed for the future research are : (i) land suitability in relation to meet the sufficiency of farmers income (ii) The appropriate vegetation composition should be applied on the agroforestry system to support ecology and economic functions of the forest. (iii) Establish a strengthern model of community institution on the basisi of local wisdom and local ecological knowledge. Practical recommendation (1) Zone management aspect: reinventarisation areal zone ,speed up a formal permits to community and reconstruction of the community forest area (2) Interpreneurships management; intervention programm on productive interpreneuirships; development programme on productive interpreneurships through sthrengthern of women role and change intensification system from forest area to close nearby or outside the area (3) institution managemen: for community institution, the spesific programme to sthrengthern building capacity of Awig-Awig is needed. A good government including policy commitment in particular for filed staff supervision to work based on law inforcement is indespensible

The Mobility of Population at Sub-Urban Area in Gempol Village, Pasuruan Regency, East Java

The mobility of population occurs because the gap between rural and urban developments. It forces rural workforces to consider the strength and weakness of the origin and the destination before they mobilize to the urban. Research focuses on two aspects: (1) the reasons why migrants mobilize and activate themselves at informal sector and (2) the governance for informal sector. Result of research indicates that (1) migrants mobilize to Gempol Village because of economic difficulty, especially when job and business opportunities are lacking in the origin. Successful migrants in urban may trigger chain migration because new comers believe that their predecessor will help them. The advance of transportation and communication also stimulates this migration. However, due to lacking of human resource capacity, these new migrants are only absorbed into informal sector; (2) informal sector is never well governed by related institutions although this sector is functional for migrants and Gempol Village community for subsistence production. The actors of informal sector are often repressively treated by Satpol PP during control operation and their presence is restrained by Local Regulation regardless bureaucratic error that underestimates rural and agricultural developments. The problems related to population mobility and informal sector are not easily resolved because the policy-maker is only examining the downstream problems (in urban) without investigating those in upstream (in rural). Therefore, the mobility of rural population may still continue if development policy still emphasizes on urban rather than rural. Keywords: Population mobility, Job opportunity, Informal secto

Model of Alas Purwo National Park Conservation Effort based on Local Wisdom

The interaction between the community around buffer village and Alas Purwo National Park is intense because the community's reliance on natural resources is still high. Natural resources are abundant in Alas Purwo National Park and are directly bordered by residential areas. The form of community interaction around buffer villages with is the selection of forest and beach results. The problem in voting activities conducted by the community, so far is that in addition to providing economic value to the community, this activity is also likely to result in the damage of natural resources. Forests provide benefits as well as threats to the world, especially people in the area around the forest. People around the forest have their own ways to manage the forest to keep the forest sustainable, one way to save it is to re-enact the local wisdom found in the communities around the forest

Reconstruction of the Social Capital-Based Agricultural Extension System in the Tengger Tribe Society in Tosari, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia

This study aims to examine the “how” and “what kind of” implementation process of extension by the needs of the Tengger Tribe in optimizing their social capital as an effort to accelerate the process of information and technology transfer to achieve the goals of extension that have been outlined in the philosophy of extension, namely behavior change farmers as an effort to improve welfare. This research useed a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. Based on the research found that a system and implementation of extension were needed by local conditions, and accommodates tribe characteristics. The reconstruction of the extension system must be carried out thoroughly in terms of the institutional aspects of extension, extension workforce, and implementation of extension so that it could achieve the expected goals of changing farmer’s behavior to improve the welfare of farmers in the Tosari Sub-District of Pasuruan Regency

Agrotourism Development Strategies Based on Institutional at Wonorejo Reservoir, Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia

The aim of the study was to formulate alternative strategies for the development of agrotourism of Wonorejo Reservoir based on institutional participation by using SWOT analysis.  Participation of Formal and Non Formal institutions was previously analysed to find out Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats by using descriptive analysis of the frequency distribution.  Vision and mission were formulated based on local government programs in order to increase revenue from tourism and  missions that were being carried out by formal institutions and were related to the achievement of goals of agrotourism development.  There were 12 institutions comprising 6 formal and 6 non formal institutions of which 120 respondents were randomly selected.  The result concluded that there were four groups of strategies for the development of agrotourism that were: Strengths-Opportunities (SO), Strength-Threats (ST), Weaknesses-Opportunities (WO), and Weaknesses- Threats (WT). Key Words: strategies, agrotourism development, institutio

The Efforts of Spring Conservation through Local Wisdom at Lingsar, West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Water is a vital requirement for living things either for plants, animals and humans. The needs of water during the rainy season can be fulfilled from rainwater, whereas in the dry season water demand is supplied from springs. In west Nusa Tenggara Indonesia, There is water crisis in 53 sub-districts and 232 village. So it is urgent condition to conserve the spring for the next generation. Water could act multipurpose, for drinking, bathing, washing, toilet also for economic activities in agriculture, plantations, animal husbandry and fisheries, tourism; the role of water for religious worship activities are also very important. The purpose of this research are: (1) Identifying the characteristics of the soil (land), vegetation and climate in the three spring catchments at Lingsar. (2) Studying the relationship between patterns of utilization of natural resources with the preservation of water resources at Lingsar. (3) Studying the relationship between traditional values in Topat war to the patterns of natural resource management. This study includes two (2) domain which is quantitative research to investigate biophysical soil, vegetation and climate and social fields, economic and cultural uses qualitative research. The survey results found three (3) types of springs based on the discharge at Lingsar namely Sarasute and Sarasuake spring (large discharge), Pure lingsar I/Kemalik (medium discharge) and Pure Lingsar II/aik mual (small discharge). Keywords: water, spring conservation, local wisdo

Characteristic and Social Processes of Poverty Reduction in Rural Community: An Empirical Finding

Indonesia faces really serious problems of poverty.  Data from Central Bureau of Statistics or BPS in September 2012 showed that the number of the poor was 28.59 million people or 11.66% and it was found mostly in rural areas.  In the same period, the number of the poor in rural areas was 18,594,600 or 14.70%.  The Government has implemented various poverty reduction programs, such as rice for the poor, direct cash assistance, a public health insurance program, Gerdu Taskin, and the National Program for Community Empowerment.  In the implementation of the programs, there are various problems such as demonstrations, protests, and conflict.   The findings showed that the government had tried to address and reduce poverty through such programs.  However, the programs were less effective because they were charitable, short-term, direct, and populists. In addition, the government used the wrong paradigm in understanding poverty, which used basic need approach.  The research data also showed that poverty in rural areas is more absolute, it was proven by low income, no valuable assets and unability to meet the basic needs.  Cultural and structural factors intertwined into the determinants of poverty.   Moreover, in implementing poverty reduction followed by the social processes such as accommodation, conflict, and the contravention. Keywords: poverty, poverty reduction, rural poverty, absolute poverty, accomodation, contravension, conflic

Community Adaptive Capacity of Changes in The Social-Ecological System of Sub Das Amprong In The Village of GubukKlakah, Malang

Rural areas are currently faced a spectrum of changes that vary from changes in ecosystem conditions to their socioeconomic impacts. Each rural condition has different resilience in accordance with the respective social ecological conditions. The purpose of this research are: (1) Describing the social ecological conditions of the Amprong Sub-watershed community in GubukKlakah Village; and (2) Identifying the adaptive capacity of the community for changing socio-ecological conditions. This research uses qualitative approach. Research informants were determined by snow ball sampling and data collection was done through in-depth interviews. Data analysis was performed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman while the validity data was carried out by triangulation of sources and methods. The results showed that the social ecological conditions of the community including suitable climate, thick top soil which is more than 50 m, and agricultural products’ quality. The vulnerability could be caused by both ecological and economic factors. Ecological factors included topographic contoured soil could cause erosion, decreasing in soil fertility, and drought. Thus, fluctuated commodity prices could also generate the vulnerability. The adaptive capacity of the community in responding to this vulnerability is demonstrated by organic fertilization, intercropping planting systems, and rejuvenation arrangements to regulate harvest time

Organic Farming: Is a Metamorphosis of Modern Agricultural Imperialism or a Postmodern Agricultural Model?

The implementation of organic farming programs in Indonesia involves various actors and various interests in it. The relationship between actors and their interests has positioned organic agriculture at the intersection between modern agricultural camouflage and the antithesis of modern agriculture (postmodern agriculture). How did this happen? so this research is very important to provide a complete picture in describing the involvement of actors and power relations as one of the key factors that will determine theformulation of policies for developing organic agriculture in the future. This research used a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by in-depth interviews, observations, and document studies. The research data were analyzed concerning the Miles and Huberman (2002) framework, which consisted of stages of data reduction, analysis formulation, and concluding. The results showed that there were four typologies of actors, namely, type A actors oriented to spiritual values; actor type B oriented to moral values; type C actor is oriented to rational values and type D actor is oriented to political/powervalues. The struggle between actors is dominated by driving actors (advanced farmers or champions, state apparatus, capitalists) who have stronger knowledge power. The rhetoric and images narrated by the driving actors then become tools for domination to seize the rights of other actors with the interests and powers attached to each actor. The implementation of organic agriculture which is full of power interests puts organic farming programs in Indonesia trapped in a market trap and a poor meaning reduction of moral values, human values, spiritual values, and ecological values