Pengaruh PRA Perlakuan Basa Pada Ampas Tebu Terhadap Karakterisasi Pulp Dan Produksi Gula Pereduksi

Ampas tebu merupakan limbah lignoselulosa yang cukup strategis dan menjanjikan sebagai bahan baku bietanolyang berkelanjutan di Indonesia karena kandungan karbohidrat yang tinggi dan ketersediaannya yang melimpah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pra perlakuan basa pada karakterisasi pulp ampas tebu sertagula pereduksi yang dihasilkan dengan metode hidrolisis enzimatis sebagai bahan baku bioetanol. Ampas tebudiberikan pra perlakuan dengan dua pelarut basa, yaitu masing-masing larutan alkali atau NaOH (1%, 2%, 3%)dan larutan kapur atau Ca(OH)2 (0,1, 0,2, 0,3 g Ca(OH)2/g bahan) pada suhu 121°C selama 30, 60 dan 90 menit.Pra perlakuan NaOH lebih efektif dalam menurunkan kadar lignin dibandingkan Ca(OH)2 yang berperan dalammeningkatan rendemen gula pereduksi yang diperolehnya. Meskipun demikian, kondisi pra perlakuan yang relatifkeras dapat berkontribusi terhadap menurunkan rendemen gulanya. Hal ini kemungkinan berkaitan dengankerusakan struktur serat dan terjadinya rekristalisasi selulosa. Rendemen gula pereduksi tertinggi yang dihasilkandari proses hidrolisis enzimatis selama 48 jam setelah pra perlakuan NaOH adalah 45,69%, sedangkan setelahpra perlakuan Ca(OH)2 adalah 28,42%

Pemanfaatan Biomassa Lignoselulosa Ampas Tebu Untuk Produksi Bioetanol

Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass from sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production Sugarcane bagasse is one of potential lignocellulosic biomass for energy through physical, chemical or biological conversion. The material is renewable and abundantly available, especially as wastes or by-products of sugarcane industries. Of many conversion processes, lignocellulosic conversion to ethanol becomes focus of interest recently, since ethanol can be further used as biofuel to substitute gasoline for transportation. Lignocellulosic material, including sugarcane bagasse mainly consists of three components, namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The conversion of these materials basically consists of pretreatment, cellulose hydrolysis, sugar fermentation to ethanol, and purification of ethanol. Production cost of this conversion is still high; therefore, many researches have been conducted to improve the conversion process, either pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation or purification, so that the cost could be reduced. This paper reviewed literatures on potential and characteristics of lignocellulosic materials, especially sugarcane bagasse, and conversion of these materials to ethanol. There is as much as 614,827 kL/year of ethanol potentially produced from sugarcane bagasse resulted from sugarcane factories in Indonesia. This amount of ethanol would have a great contribution to fulfill 1.10 million tons demand of ethanol. However, there are still some recalcitrans in production and implementation of lignocellulosic bioethanol, especially due to the unproven conversion technology of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol and the high production cost. Therefore, government policies in supporting research and development, providing special incentives for sugarcane factories that produced ethanol from sugarcane bagasse, and giving subsidy to reduce bioethanol price, are needed

The Effectiveness of Physical and Alkali Hydrothermal Pretreatment in Improving Enzyme Susceptibility of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse

Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) obtained after juice extraction is a potential feedstock for fermentable sugars production that can be further fermented to different kinds of products, such as ethanol or lactic acid. The proper particle size resulted from phsyical pretreatment and different pretreatment processes including water, alkali, hydrothermal, and alkali hydrothermal for improving enzyme susceptibility of SSB have been investigated. After grinding to particle sizes of 420 ?m the sweet sorghum bagasse was washed to eliminate residual soluble sugars present in the bagasse. Dosages of cellulase enzyme used in saccharification were 60 and 100 FPU/g substrate, respectively. The results showed that SSB with particle sizes of 250-420 ?m had the highest cellulose (38.33%) and hemicellulose content (31.80%). Although the yield of reducing sugar of 250-420 ?m size particles was lower than that of smaller particle (<250 ?m), the former was more economical in the energy consumption for milling process. The yields of reducing sugar obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali hydrothermal pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse were 1.5 and 0.5 times higher than that from untreated sweet sorghum bagasse at enzyme loading of 100 and 60 FPU/g substrate, respectively. Furthermore, alkali hydrothermal pretreatment was able to remove as much as 85% of lignin. Morphological analysis using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) showed that samples treated with alkali hydrothermal have more pores and distorted bundles than that of untreated sweet sorghum bagasse. Meanwhile, XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis showed that pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity and smaller crystallite size than untreated sweet sorghum bagasse, which might be due to removal of amorphous lignin components

Biological Pretreatment of Oil Palm Frond Fiber Using White-Rot Fungi for Enzymatic Saccharification

Oil palm frond is one type of lignocellulosic biomass abundantly and daily available in Indonesia. It contains cellulose which can be converted to glucose, and further processed to produce different kinds of value &ndash;added products. The aim of this research is to study the effects of biological pretreatment of oil palm frond (OPF) fiber using Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor on the enzymatic saccharification of the biomass. The OPF fiber (40-60 mesh sizes) was inoculated with cultures of the two fungi and incubated at 27 &deg;C for 4 weeks. The samples were taken after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of incubation. Chemical components of the biomass after pretreatment were analyzed. The saccharification of the pretreated samples using cellulase and &beta;-glucosidase was performed in a water bath shaker at 50 &deg;C for 48 hours. The concentration of reducing sugar increased with increasing of incubation time, either in those pretreated with culture of P. chrysosporium or with T. versicolor. Pretreatment of OPF fiber using single culture of T. versicolor for 4 weeks gave the highest reducing sugar yield (12.61% of dry biomass)

Central Kalimantan's Fast Growing Species: Suitability for Pulp and Paper

Recent studies of fast growing species grown in PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, Central Kalimantan, show that based on their fiber dimensions there are five species, namely Endospermum diadenum, Dillenia spp., Adinandra dumosa, Adiandra sp., and Nauclea junghuhnii with good potential for pulp and paper production. The fiber length of those five wood species are was more than 2,200 µm on average. This paper studies the physical properties, fiber dimensions and their chemical contents to predict the paper and pulp quality. The result shows that all of the species were classified in the medium to high density category. All species were classified into the first class quality for pulp and paper. Based on chemical contents, Dillenia sp. is the most suitable species due to its high value of holocellulose and a-cellulose, low lignin content, and its fiber length is about 3,119 µm on average. A. dumosa also has good opportunities because it had the longest fiber lengths (3,137 µm on average) and high value of holocellulose, even though it has the highest lignin content. While Nuclea junghuhnii is less suitable due to low values of holocellulose and a-cellulose

Campuran Lateks Karet Alam-Stirena dan Poliisosianat sebagai Perekat Kayu Lamina Blends Of Natural Rubber Latex-Styrene And Polyisocyanate For Laminated Wood Adhesive

Each adhesive has its own strengths and weaknesses due to its bond strength, or its resistance to stress, heat, moisture and organisms. Blending of several adhesives could combine properties of each. Besides, it might reduce adhesives prices as well. In this research Natural Rubber Latex-Styrene (NRL-St) was blended with Polyisocyanate (PI) or API (Aqueous Polymer Isocyanate) adhesive. The aim of this research was to study the effects of compositions of adhesive blends on adhesive properties, and the effects of composition of adhesive blends and pressing time on bond strength of laminated wood (Acacia mangium). Blending compositions of NRL-St/PI were 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100. Physico-chemical properties of these blends of adhesives, including solid content, pH, viscosity and mixtures homogenity were analyzed. Blends of NRL-St with PI adhesive had total solid contents range from 42.39 to 50.58%, pH from 7.45 to 7.98, and viscosity from 3506 to 5661 cp. Results of this study showed that optimum composition of blends of NRL-St and API adhesives for producing laminated wood of Acacia mangium was 50/50 (w/w). At this composition the shear strength of laminated wood was 7.06 MPa, while delamination ratio in cold and boiling water were 0% and 4.89% respectively. These values could meet Japan Agriculture Standard (JAS) for laminated wood (shear strength > 5.4 MPa and delamination ratio < 10%). Optimum pressing time for producing laminated wood using API adhesive as well as blends of NRL-St/API (50/50) was two hours

Effects of Several Synthesis Conditions on Bond Strength of Plywood Adhered with Natural Rubber Latex – Styrene Adhesive

This report discusses the effects of synthesis conditions on bond strength of plywood adhered with natural rubber latex - styrene adhesive. Synthesis variables observed were catalyst (with and without catalyst), pre-stirring (0 and 3 hours) and heating time (1 and 2 hours). Three-ply plywood samples were prepared from Albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria) and Red meranti (Shorea, sp.) veneers and their gluability were evaluated in accordance to Indonesian Standard (SNI 01-2704-1992). The results revealed that synthesis conditions (i.e. catalyst, pre-stirring and heating time) did not significantly influence the bond strength of plywood. Natural rubber latex – styrene adhesive is very appropriate as adhesive for Red meranti plywood. Nevertheless, it can be used as limited interior application for Albizia plywood. An addition of 10% phenol formaldehyde (PF) in natural rubber latex - styrene adhesive slightly improved the exterior type bond strength of Red meranti plywoo

Pengaruh Persentase Katalis pada Pembuatan Perekat Kayu Cair terhadap Daya Rekatnya sebagai Bahan Perekat Substitusi Fenol Formaldehida pada Pembuatan Kayu Lapis The Effects Of Catalyst Percentage Used In Producing Wood Liquid On Its Bond Strength AS Phenol Formaldehyde Substitute Adhesive In Plywood Production

The aim of this research was to study the effects of percentage of catalyst used in producing wood liquid (WL) on its bond strength as Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) substitute adhesive in plywood production. Albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria) wood flour passed 60 mesh sieves having around 5% moisture content was liquefied in phenol solution. Catalyst used, sulfuric acid 98%, was added at the level of 1%, 2% and 3% of the total phenol solution. The wood liquid obtained was observed and measured for its physico-chemical properties, including color, total solid, pH, specific gravity and viscosity. The degrees of PF substitution tried were 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60 and 20/80 (PF/WL). Those adhesive mixtures were used in the preparation of plywood made of Meranti (Shorea sp.) and Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.). Bond strength of the plywood samples were determined based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01 – 2704 – 1992). Results of the research showed that Albizia wood flour could be completely liquefied by phenol and sulfuric acid. Bond strength testing of exterior grade plywood samples of Meranti showed that a quite high percentage of catalyst (3%) decreased bond strength, while that of Keruing showed that the higher the percentage of catalyst, the higher the bond strength. In general, adhesive composition of 80/20, 60/40 and some 40/60 (PF/WL) can be used as plywood adhesive and meet the SNI for plywood