Multivariable analysis exploring the association of observational and interview data with severe tungiasis amongst all tungiasis cases.

Multivariable analysis exploring the association of observational and interview data with severe tungiasis amongst all tungiasis cases.</p

Population Attributable Fractions.

(OR: Odds Ratio, AR: Attributable Risk, PAF: Population Attributable Fraction).</p

Changes in appearance of embedded fleas 7 days after treatment.

Photographs taken with the digital handheld video microscope with 200x magnification. (A). Viable, embedded sand flea at stage 3a with characteristic convex surface, expelling a faecal thread on Day 1 (baseline). (B). The same flea as in A but non-viable at day 7: loss of abdominal cone structure, surface now concave, desiccated appearance, Stage 4b.(C). Viable, embedded flea stage 3a with convex surface, expelling a faecal thread on day 1 (baseline). (D). Rapidly Aged: same flea as in C, still viable on day 7 with clear abdominal cone, but now stage 4a, desiccated appearance, concave surface, brown colour.</p

Percentage of patients being pain-free and itch-free in the KMnO₄ and NC treatment groups at baseline and at day 7 follow up.

Bars show modelled means including 95% confidence intervals.</p

Fortaleza stages of embedded sand fleas and characteristics (from Eisele et al 2006 [1]).

Fortaleza stages of embedded sand fleas and characteristics (from Eisele et al 2006 [1]).</p

Flow chart of study population.

Flow chart of study population.</p

Effect of KMnO₄ and NC treatment on tungiasis-associated pain and itching at day 7 follow up.

Bars show modelled mean percentages including 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance tested with binary logistic regression testing association between treatment and reduction/increase in pain/itching.</p

Severity of tungiasis by age group and sex.

n = 870 cases; viable, non-viable and manipulated lesions combined. Mild 30 fleas.</p

Multivariable analysis for tungiasis prevalence in the five schools surveyed.

Multivariable analysis for tungiasis prevalence in the five schools surveyed.</p

Examples of school classroom floors.

(A) Natural sand/soil (MS2). (B) Cracked concrete (MS1). (C) Smooth concrete (MS1).</p