Saliva cortisol concentrations across a 24 h period during gestational weeks 22 and 32, and 24–48 h postpartum.

Box plots of saliva cortisol relative to time of waking (0 h) during gestational week 22 (A) and 32 (B); or relative to time of birth, beginning at 24 h postpartum. Horizontal line within box plot indicates median, X indicates mean, and dots are outliers. Scatter plot of saliva cortisol levels versus clock time (D), with cosine fitted curve of data collected during gestational week 22 (red), 32 (black) and post-partum 24–48 h (blue).</p

The 24 h autocorrelation coefficient (<i>r</i>24) of rest-activity data during gestational week 22 (G22) and 32 (G32) and postpartum week 1 (PPW1) calculated using 30 sec epochs.

Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine effect of gestational or postpartum time point on r24, followed by Bonferoni adjustments for multiple comparisons.</p

Regression analysis of relationship between maternal-fetal health indicators and actigraphic sleep variables with rest-activity and cortisol rhythm variables by study time point.

Regression analysis of relationship between maternal-fetal health indicators and actigraphic sleep variables with rest-activity and cortisol rhythm variables by study time point.</p

Pregnancy rest-activity patterns are related to salivary cortisol rhythms and maternal-fetal health indicators in women from a disadvantaged population - Fig 1

Mean activity of women every 30 sec across 6 days of recording during gestational week 22 (A) 32 (B) and postpartum week one (C). Data were averaged among all participants by time point across the first six days of recording.</p

Demographic and health characteristics of saliva cortisol study sample <i>(n</i> = 24<i>)</i>.

Demographic and health characteristics of saliva cortisol study sample (n = 24).</p

Cosinor analysis variables of activity rhythms during gestational week 22 (G22), gestational week 32 (G32) and postpartum week 1 (PPW1).

Cosinor analysis variables of activity rhythms during gestational week 22 (G22), gestational week 32 (G32) and postpartum week 1 (PPW1).</p

Relationship of rest-activity circadian rhythm variables to maternal-fetal health indicators.

Mesor of activity during gestational week 32 was different between women with prepregnancy BMI 25 (orange) at p = 0.01 (A). Amplitude of activity during gestational week 32 was different between women without (orange) and with (blue) diagnosis of gestational related at p = 0.014 (B). Horizontal line within box plot indicates median, X indicates mean, and dots are outliers. Spearman correlation analysis of the relationship between gestational age of infant at birth and r24 during gestational week 32, r = 0.44; p = 0.03 (C), and the relationship between prepregnancy BMI (continuous variable) to r24 during gestational week 32, r = -0.25; p = 0.06 (D).</p

Table_1_A matter of time: A systematic scoping review on a potential role of the circadian system in binge eating behavior.docx

BackgroundEmerging research suggests that food intake timing, eating behavior and food preference are associated with aspects of the circadian system function but the role that the circadian system may play in binge eating (BE) behavior in humans remains unclear.ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the evidence for circadian system involvement in BE behavior.MethodsSystematic searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were performed for reports published from inception until May 2020 (PROSPERO Registration CRD42020186325). Searches were conducted by combining Medical Subject Headings related to the circadian system, BE behavior, and/or interventions. Observational and interventional studies in humans with BE behavior published in peer-review journals in the English language were included. Studies were assessed using quality and risk of bias tools (AXIS, ROB 2.0, or ROBINS).ResultsThe search produced 660 articles, 51 of which were included in this review. Of these articles, 46 were observational studies and 5 were interventional trials. Evidence from these studies suggests that individuals with BE behavior tend to have more food intake, more binge cravings, and more BE episodes later in the day. Hormonal and day/night locomotor activity rhythm disturbances may be associated with BE behavior. Furthermore, late diurnal preference (“eveningness”) was associated with BE behavior and chronobiological interventions that shift the circadian clock earlier (e.g., morning bright light therapy) were found to possibly decrease BE behavior. Substantive clinical overlap exists between BE and night eating behavior. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding their potential relationship with the circadian system. Limitations include the lack of studies that use best-established techniques to assess the chronobiology of BE behavior, heterogeneity of participants, diagnostic criteria, and study design, which preclude a meta-analytic approach.ConclusionCurrent evidence, although limited, suggests that the circadian system may play a role in the etiology of BE behavior. Further mechanistic studies are needed to fully characterize a potential role of the circadian system in BE behavior. A chronobiological approach to studying BE behavior may lead to identification of its neurobiological components and development of novel therapeutic interventions.Systematic review registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020186325], identifier [CRD42020186325].</p

Image_2_A matter of time: A systematic scoping review on a potential role of the circadian system in binge eating behavior.pdf

BackgroundEmerging research suggests that food intake timing, eating behavior and food preference are associated with aspects of the circadian system function but the role that the circadian system may play in binge eating (BE) behavior in humans remains unclear.ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the evidence for circadian system involvement in BE behavior.MethodsSystematic searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were performed for reports published from inception until May 2020 (PROSPERO Registration CRD42020186325). Searches were conducted by combining Medical Subject Headings related to the circadian system, BE behavior, and/or interventions. Observational and interventional studies in humans with BE behavior published in peer-review journals in the English language were included. Studies were assessed using quality and risk of bias tools (AXIS, ROB 2.0, or ROBINS).ResultsThe search produced 660 articles, 51 of which were included in this review. Of these articles, 46 were observational studies and 5 were interventional trials. Evidence from these studies suggests that individuals with BE behavior tend to have more food intake, more binge cravings, and more BE episodes later in the day. Hormonal and day/night locomotor activity rhythm disturbances may be associated with BE behavior. Furthermore, late diurnal preference (“eveningness”) was associated with BE behavior and chronobiological interventions that shift the circadian clock earlier (e.g., morning bright light therapy) were found to possibly decrease BE behavior. Substantive clinical overlap exists between BE and night eating behavior. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding their potential relationship with the circadian system. Limitations include the lack of studies that use best-established techniques to assess the chronobiology of BE behavior, heterogeneity of participants, diagnostic criteria, and study design, which preclude a meta-analytic approach.ConclusionCurrent evidence, although limited, suggests that the circadian system may play a role in the etiology of BE behavior. Further mechanistic studies are needed to fully characterize a potential role of the circadian system in BE behavior. A chronobiological approach to studying BE behavior may lead to identification of its neurobiological components and development of novel therapeutic interventions.Systematic review registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020186325], identifier [CRD42020186325].</p

Mean of cosinor analysis variables of saliva cortisol during gestational week 22 (G22), gestational week 32 (G32) and postpartum 24–48 hr (PP24-48).

Mean of cosinor analysis variables of saliva cortisol during gestational week 22 (G22), gestational week 32 (G32) and postpartum 24–48 hr (PP24-48).</p