Development of Multiple Pest Resistant Crop Cultivars

Insects are one, among a number, of biotic and abiotic constraints that limit the production of food crops. Entomologists can play a key role in increasing food production through the development of insect-resistant crop cultivars. Resistant cultivars are sought as a major tactic in the development of IPM strategies and have been shown to be compatible with biological, chemical and cultural control tactics. There has been significant progress in the breeding and commercial utilization of multiple pest resistant crop cultivars having resistance to insects, diseases and nematodes. The most notable examples are rice cultivars which are grown on millions of hectares in Asia. Multiple pest resistant crop cultivars have high yield stability when grown in pest-infested environments. The most successful cultivars have resistance to the major stresses in an area. These cultivars must have characteristics that farmers desire and grain quality that is consumer acceptable. Development of pest resistant crop cultivars calls for close collaboration among plant breeders, entomologists, plant pathologists, nematologists, weed scientists, soil scientists, plant physiologists and socio-economists. In spite of the achievements in developing multiple pest resistant cultivars, biotypes have limited their use. In addition, there still are numerous pests, for which resistant cultivars are not yet commercially available. Biotechnology techniques will likely solve some of the constraints that have mitigated the use of host plant resistance as a major tactic in the integrated management of crop pests

Distribution of eggs and leaf mines of \u3ci\u3eChoristoneura houstonana\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) attacking eastern red cedar, \u3ci\u3eJuniperus virginiana\u3c/i\u3e

Cedar at Larned, Kansas, appeared to be more severely damaged in the upper and southern portions of the trees. There was a significant difference, in numbers of eggs and leaf mines, between the upper and lower halves and between compass directions; the upper and southern portions of the trees being most highly infested. Choristoneura houstonana (Grote) is a pest of eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana, grown as a home landscape ornamental in shelter belts and windbreaks in western Kansas. It has been present for many years but the first reliable record in Kansas was in 1964, when it was sent for identification by Richard Beams, the assistant agricultural agent of Rooks County. Study was begun in 1964. Lindquist and Bowser ( 1966) studying the biology of the leaf miner, Chrysopeleia ostryaella Chambers (Cosmopterygidae), found that the upper portion of the crown of an ironwood tree contained more mines per leaf than the middle and lower portions. Stark (1952) found about twice as many larvae of lodgepole needle miner, Coleotechnites milieu (Busck), in the upper crown than in the lower crown. Prentice (1955) found a significant difference between crown levels infested with larvae of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana, but did not state which level had the most larvae. He reported no significant directional differences in distribution. Eggs of C. houstonana are deposited singly on foliage of the trees in July. The larvae, on hatching, usually spin an entrance cocoon near the egg and begin leaf mining. Larvae continue to mine through late summer and fall. Chorions of hatched eggs remain on the foliage several days before falling off

The pecan casebearer, \u3ci\u3eAcrobasis caaryae\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on mockernut hickory, \u3ci\u3eCarya tomentosa\u3c/i\u3e

The presence of an A. caryae (Grote) larva in the terminal portion petiole apparently prevents the three terminal leaflets from developing normally. Larvae were present in the petioles from early spring until May 29. Four hymenopterous parasites were reared

Sod webworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae) moths collected in light traps

Thirteen species of sod webworm moths were collected during 1968. Distinct differences in fijght dates occurred among the species. Trap data indicated that seven species were univoltine while six were most likely multivoltine. Sod webworm species collected as adults in light traps from May to October: Pediasia trisecta, P mutabilis, Chrysoteuchia topiaria, Agriphila vulgivagella, A. ruricolella, Microcrambus elegans, Argyria nivalis, Crambus alboclavellus, C. praefectellus, C. laquetellus, C. leachellus, C. satrapellu

Feed the Future IPM Innovation Lab: A Critical Role in Global Food Security

The World Food Summit of 1966 defined ”food security” as existing “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.” Food insecurity is part of a continuum that includes hunger (food deprivation), malnutrition (deficiencies, imbalances, or excess of nutrients), and famine. The world faces three major challenges: (1) to match the rapidly changing demand for food, (2) to do so in ways that are environmentally and socially acceptable, and (3) to ensure that the world’s poorest people are no longer hungry. World population is expected to reach 9 billion in 2050. To feed this population, there must be a 60–70% increase in food production. The effects of climate change must also be dealt with. The area under cultivation is not expected to expand to meet the gap, and we have yet to meet it by increasing yield per unit area and reducing losses in field and post-harvest handling. A concerted effort to reduce losses without jeopardizing environmental and public health concerns by adopting Integrated Pest Management (IPM) could reduce the loss by 50%, leading to a needed increase in food production of only 30%. Over several decades, the IPM Collaborative Research Program (CRSP) consortium developed IPM packages for tomatoes, other tropical vegetables, fruit, and grain crops and disseminated in host countries through research and extension arms. In addition, several national, regional, and international workshops have been conducted. The IPM Innovation Lab (new name for CRSP in 2013) is playing a vital role in the struggle for global food security. This will continue through the new Feed the Future IPM Innovation Lab which has expanded beyond a limited number of vegetables to include more vegetables, rice, fruit, maize, chickpea, climate change, and invasive species

Inseticidas sistêmicos e endrin aplicados no controle de Elasmopalpus lignosellus, e seus efeitos sobre a soja

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande de Sul, at Guaíba, RS, with the objective of determining the effectiveness of several chemical treatments on the control of the lesser cornstalk bares, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller 1848). Treatments consisted of 2 rates each of Carbofuran, Aldicarb, and Disulfoton as in-furrow granular treatment, carbofuran as a seed treatment and 2 treatments consisting of 1 and 3 applications of Endrin as a post-emergence spray. Results indicated only the 2 Endrin treatments as providing control of E. lignosellus. High grain yields in the Endrin and Carbofuran granular treatments were attributed to control of the leaf feeding caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (1818) as based on defoliation estimates. The only adverse treatment effect was a decrease in number of Rhizobium nodules/plant when Carbafuran was applied as a seed treament at the rate of 10 g/kg of seeds.Foi conduzido um experimento a campo, na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, em Guaíba, RS, com o objetivo de determinar o efeito de vários inseticidas no controle da "broca-do-colo", Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zelles, 1848). Os tratamentos aplicados foram: 2 dosagens de Carbofuran no tratamento de sementes; 2 dosagens de Carbofuran, Aldicarb e Disulfoton granulado, aplicado no sulco na época do plantio; e 2 tratamentos de Endrin de 1 e 3 pulverizações no período de pós-emergência. Os resultados indicaram que apenas dois tratamentos com Endrin controlaram a broca. Rendimentos altos nos tratamentos com Endrin e Carbofuran granulado foram atribuídos ao controle da Antícarsia gemmatalis Hubner (1818). O tratamento de sementes com Carbofuran a 10 g/kg de sementes causou um efeito adverso na nodulação

Reactions of differential varieties to the rice gall midge \u3ci\u3eOrseolia oryzae\u3c/i\u3e in Asia. Report of an international collaborative research project.

Varieties and breeding lines known to be resistant to the gall midge in some areas of Asia were tested in China, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand from 1977- 1980. Differential reactions were evident, indicating variations in the virulence of gall midge populations in the various countries. Eswarakora derivatives were resistant in Thailand but susceptible in Indonesia; Leuang 152 was resistant in Indonesia but susceptible in Thailand. In India, Eswarakora derivatives were susceptible in Orissa but resistant in Andhra Pradesh. The Leuang 152 and Ob 677 groups were resistant at all test sites except in Thailand and Bihar, India

Natural enemies of rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) —a critical review

A chronological review of the biological control agents of rice leaf folder, Cnaphafalocrocis medinalis Guenée, including the stage of host attacked in different countries, their activity and suggestions for future. The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, which was a pest of minor importance till the last decade, recently has assumed major importance in many rice ecosystem of Asia, the South Pacific Islands, Hawaii and Australia (Hirao, 1982). Increasingly frequent outbreaks of this pest (Table I) in recent years have been attributed to the introduction of modern rice technologies, namely: Continuous and overlapping cropping (Rajamma and Das, 1969); introduction of broad leaf dwarf, high tillering. fertilizer responsive susceptible rice varieties (Gargav and Katiyar, 1971; Dorge et al., 1972; Patel, 1975) and increased use of nitrogenous fertilizers (Michael Raj and Morachan, 1973; Chandragiri et al., 1974; Subraiah and Morachan, 1974; Dhaliwal et al., 1979; Chantaraprapha el al., 1980; Miynhara, 1981). In addition shading which causes the rice plants to grow tall with reduced silica content may make plants more susceptible (Chelliah, 1983). However, no detailed information is available as to how these factors bring about favourable conditions for larval growth and survival and or cause enhanced fecundity of the adults

Comparison of Bt (\u3ci\u3eBacillus thuringiensis\u3c/i\u3e Berliner) Maize and Conventional Measures for Control of the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Field experiments were conducted in 1997 to compare the efficacy Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner) maize hybrids and two conventional measures for control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Treatments consisted of transgenic Bt-maize hybrids and their non-Bt isolines, and isolines treated with a formulated Bt or permethrin insecticide. All control measures significantly reduced O. nubilalis damage in terms of tunnels per plant, length of tunneling, and larvae per plant. The following hierarchy in terms of O. nubilalis efficacy was observed: transgenic Bt \u3e permethrin \u3e formulated Bt \u3e control. In most cases, transgenic Bt maize was most effective in preventing European corn borer damage to ear shanks and generally produced the highest grain yields

Avaliação dos danos causados por (Westwood, 1837) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), em diferen tes niveis e épocas de infestação, na qualidade da semente de soja (\u3ci\u3eGlycine max\u3c/i\u3e (L.) Merrill)

Assessment of soybean seed quality in relation to the damage caused by Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood, 1837) (Hemiptera, Pentatornidae) at various infestation levels and at diferent stages of soybean development (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Stinkbug effect on soybean seed quality was studied. Field tests were carried out in Guaiba, Rio Grande do Sul, 1974/75. Soybean plants were artificially infested at various densities of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood, 1837) per 0.5m of row and at different stages of soybean development by means of isolation cages. Stinkbug infestations restricted from full bloom up to the beginning of pod formation do not result in reduction of seed quality. However, infestation during full bloom up to the complete physiological maturity of the seed or restricted to the seed development stage do result in reduction of seed quality in terms of percentage damaged seeds, oil and protein content, and seed germination. Similar results were obtained with higher infestation leveIs during the physiological maturation of the seeds. A qualidade da semente de soja pode ser afetada pela ação dos insetos da família Pentatomidae que apresentam uma preferência pelas estruturas frutíferas de sua planta hospedeira, causando danos considerãveis ã mesma