CV results of scenario 1 & 2.

CV results of scenario 1 & 2.</p

Hypothesis testing—Main variables of Scenario 2.

Hypothesis testing—Main variables of Scenario 2.</p

Descriptive statistics of QP.

Descriptive statistics of QP.</p

Final influencing factors and paths in scenario 1 and 2.

Notes: The former numbers are results for scenario 1 and the latter numbers are for scenario 2.</p

Countries in which substandard and falsified medicinal products have been reported to WHO, 2013–2017[1].

Countries in which substandard and falsified medicinal products have been reported to WHO, 2013–2017[1].</p

CV indicator and criteria.

CV indicator and criteria.</p

Mean value comparison of Scenarios 1 and 2.

Mean value comparison of Scenarios 1 and 2.</p

Hypothesis testing—Main variables of Scenario 1.

Hypothesis testing—Main variables of Scenario 1.</p

Map of keywords of groups on substandard drugs during 1985–2019.

Map of keywords of groups on substandard drugs during 1985–2019.</p

Pearson correlations of scenarios (n = 204).

Pearson correlations of scenarios (n = 204).</p