The Effect of Head Size on Canine Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses

The brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test is a commonly used objective tool for estimating hearing sensitivity in newborn humans and could be a useful diagnostic test for humans who are unable or unwilling to participate in behavioral audiometric testing. The BAER test is currently the gold standard for testing domestic canine hearing and could similarly be used either as a screening tool or diagnostically. The test procedure is minimally invasive and could provide ear-specific estimates of hearing sensitivity. While the general morphology of the waveform resulting from a BAER test is generally agreed upon, questions remain regarding the expected latency values of the response. Latency values might be used to guide waveform detection that then determines a pass or refer result on a screening test or to evaluate the presence of a pathology on a diagnostic test. Thus, determining expected latency values for this species is needed given the importance placed on the BAER testing procedure. Domestic canines exhibit a variety of body sizes and head shapes that might affect this electrophysiologic measure. Previous research has been equivocal on the effect of head size on BAER waveforms. The purpose of this doctoral scholarly project was to examine the effect of head size on three components of the BAER result: the absolute latency of Wave I, the absolute latency of Wave V, and the Wave I-V interpeak latency. Thirty-four dogs between the ages of one and eight years with suspected normal hearing were divided into three groups based on measured head size (small, medium, and large). Brainstem auditory evoked response waveforms were collected and analyzed from the right ear of each subject. A correlational analysis was performed examining the relationship between head size and the absolute latencies of Waves I and V and the Wave I-V interpeak latency. A limited relationship was observed with head size explaining up to 29.84%, 25.26%, and 22.68% of the variation in these latencies, respectively. Notably, the strength of the relationship between these variables diminished when using an alternative measure of head size (head width) or when measuring the latency of Wave V by the peak alone and ignoring the presence of a shoulder on that wave. These differences might account for the equivocal findings in the literature on the effect of head size on the BAER test in canines. It is recommended that future researchers standardize the measurements used for both head size and wave latency as well as account for differences in latencies observed due to head size when determining normative values for adult canines

Title IX: Institutional Betrayal and Survivors of Sexual Assault

In 2011, the U.S. Department of Education’s (USDE) Office for Civil Rights “Dear Colleague Letter” specified how schools should respond to reports of sexual assault to be in compliance with Title IX. In 2017, these guidelines were rescinded, leaving some criticizing the new regulations. In 2021, President Biden signed an Executive Order, directing the USDE to review Title IX regulations and to provide new guidance. While national bodies are reviewing the Title IX practices, some survivors and activists have identified Title IX failures. As a result, lawsuits have emerged against colleges and universities. This review outlines university betrayal of sexual assault survivors and implications for improving colleges and university’s responses to empowering survivors and raising awareness

The Emotional, Mental, and Spiritual Well-Being of Gen Z: Perceived Social Media Messages

Technology has rapidly interwoven itself into the life of an individual. Social media makes up a large part of technology, an ever-changing system of mediums that portray messages depending on the current events. The messages communicated on various social media platforms fundamentally alter Generation Z’s (Gen Z’s) emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being. As technology progresses, the necessity of studying the impacts of mediums on Gen Z, digital natives, increases. A study was conducted on 46 Gen Z participants specifically on how they utilize the most popular social media platform for Gen Z–Instagram, to determine their perceived emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being. This mixed-method study evaluated both negative and positive messages perceived by Gen Z on Instagram. A mixed-method study was applied along with using three communication theories as the foundation of the study for results: Media Ecology Theory, Media Dependency Theory, and Cultivation Theory. The study analyzed Gen Z’s Instagram usage for 146 total survey responses over five days. The study determined the overall amount of Instagram usage by participants, the types of messages communicated through the medium, and how the use of the medium impacts emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being. The overall outcome concluded that Instagram positively impacted Gen Z emotionally, mentally, and spiritually

Due Process vs Crime Control Models of Justice

Criminologists argue whether the U.S. justice system operates from a model of due process or crime control. As American citizens, the Constitution ensures that we have due process rights when faced with a criminal trial, including but not limited to protection from unreasonable search and seizure; a fair and speedy trial before a jury of our peers; and protection from self-incrimination. In contrast, crime control efforts often supersede these due process rights through plea-bargaining, in addition to other practices. This research evaluates the due process versus crime control models of justice to determine which approach is most evident in today’s criminal justice practices, and which is most appropriate to ensure justice

A Survey of Issues in the Recruitment, Hiring and Retention of Law Enforcement Officers: Investigating the Rural-Urban Divide

The continuing crises of the COVID-19 pandemic and issues surrounding disparate policing practices have illuminated an underlying issue facing law enforcement agencies: how to recruit, hire, and retain qualified officers. Using survey data from over 200 rural and urban agencies across three states, this article explores the various issues agencies have with recruitment and retention, paying particular attention to the apparent differences between agency type and size, as well as the extent of urbanization in the jurisdiction. The implications of and potential policy solutions to these issues are then discussed

Synthesising the existing evidence for non-pharmacological interventions targeting outcomes relevant to young people with ADHD in the school setting: systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impairing levels of difficulty paying attention, impulsive behaviour and/or hyperactivity. ADHD causes extensive difficulties for young people at school, and as a result these children are at high risk for a wide range of poor outcomes. We ultimately aim to develop a flexible, modular 'toolkit' of evidence-based strategies that can be delivered by primary school staff to improve the school environment and experience for children with ADHD; the purpose of this review is to identify and quantify the evidence-base for potential intervention components. This protocol sets out our plans to systematically identify non-pharmacological interventions that target outcomes that have been reported to be of importance to key stakeholders (ADHD symptoms, organisation skills, executive-global- and classroom-functioning, quality of life, self-esteem and conflict with teachers and peers). We plan to link promising individual intervention components to measured outcomes, and synthesise the evidence of effectiveness for each outcome. METHODS: A systematic search for studies published from the year 2000 that target the outcomes of interest in children and young people aged 3-12 will be conducted. Titles and abstracts will be screened using prioritisation software, and then full texts of potentially eligible studies will be screened. Systematic reviews, RCTs, non-randomised and case-series studies are eligible designs. Synthesis will vary by the type of evidence available, potentially including a review of reviews, meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. Heterogeneity of studies meta-analysed will be assessed, along with publication bias. Intervention mapping will be applied to understand potential behaviour change mechanisms for promising intervention components. DISCUSSION: This review will highlight interventions that appear to effectively ameliorate negative outcomes that are of importance for people with ADHD, parents, school staff and experts. Components of intervention design and features that are associated with effective change in the outcome will be delineated and used to inform the development of a 'toolkit' of non-pharmacological strategies that school staff can use to improve the primary school experience for children with ADHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO number CRD42021233924

School-based intervention study examining approaches for well-being and mental health literacy of pupils in Year 9 in England: study protocol for a multischool, parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial (AWARE) (vol 12, artne029044corr1, 20022)

The authors would like to notify that the co-authors Sara Evans-Lacko, Bettina Moltrecht, Kirsty Nisbet, Emma Thornton, Aurelie Lange, Paul Stallard, Abigail Thompson were missed including in the authorship list of the paper. The supplementary file has been also updated

Synthesising the existing evidence for non-pharmacological interventions targeting outcomes relevant to young people with ADHD in the school setting: systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impairing levels of difficulty paying attention, impulsive behaviour and/or hyperactivity. ADHD causes extensive difficulties for young people at school, and as a result these children are at high risk for a wide range of poor outcomes. We ultimately aim to develop a flexible, modular 'toolkit' of evidence-based strategies that can be delivered by primary school staff to improve the school environment and experience for children with ADHD; the purpose of this review is to identify and quantify the evidence-base for potential intervention components. This protocol sets out our plans to systematically identify non-pharmacological interventions that target outcomes that have been reported to be of importance to key stakeholders (ADHD symptoms, organisation skills, executive-global- and classroom-functioning, quality of life, self-esteem and conflict with teachers and peers). We plan to link promising individual intervention components to measured outcomes, and synthesise the evidence of effectiveness for each outcome. METHODS: A systematic search for studies published from the year 2000 that target the outcomes of interest in children and young people aged 3-12 will be conducted. Titles and abstracts will be screened using prioritisation software, and then full texts of potentially eligible studies will be screened. Systematic reviews, RCTs, non-randomised and case-series studies are eligible designs. Synthesis will vary by the type of evidence available, potentially including a review of reviews, meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. Heterogeneity of studies meta-analysed will be assessed, along with publication bias. Intervention mapping will be applied to understand potential behaviour change mechanisms for promising intervention components. DISCUSSION: This review will highlight interventions that appear to effectively ameliorate negative outcomes that are of importance for people with ADHD, parents, school staff and experts. Components of intervention design and features that are associated with effective change in the outcome will be delineated and used to inform the development of a 'toolkit' of non-pharmacological strategies that school staff can use to improve the primary school experience for children with ADHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO number CRD42021233924

Dealing with mobility: Understanding access anytime, anywhere

The rapid and accelerating move towards the adoption and use of mobile technologies has increasingly provided people and organisations with the ability to work away from the office and on the move. The new ways of working afforded by these technologies are often characterised in terms of access to information and people ‘anytime, anywhere’. This paper presents a study of mobile workers that highlights different facets of access to remote people and information, and different facets of anytime, anywhere. Four key factors in mobile work are identified from the study: the role of planning, working in ‘dead time’, accessing remote technological and informational resources, and monitoring the activities of remote colleagues. By reflecting on these issues, we can better understand the role of technology and artefact use in mobile work and identify the opportunities for the development of appropriate technological solutions to support mobile workers

Identifying Farming Strategies Associated With Achieving Global Agricultural Sustainability

Sustainable agroecosystems provide adequate food while supporting environmental and human wellbeing and are a key part of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Some strategies to promote sustainability include reducing inputs, substituting conventional crops with genetically modified (GM) alternatives, and using organic production. Here, we leveraged global databases covering 121 countries to determine which farming strategies—the amount of inputs per area (fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation), GM crops, and percent agriculture in organic production—are most correlated with 12 sustainability metrics recognized by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Using quantile regression, we found that countries with higher Human Development Indices (HDI) (including education, income, and lifespan), higher-income equality, lower food insecurity, and higher cereal yields had the most organic production and inputs. However, input-intensive strategies were associated with greater agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, countries with more GM crops were last on track to meeting the SDG of reduced inequalities. Using a longitudinal analysis spanning 2004–2018, we found that countries were generally decreasing inputs and increasing their share of agriculture in organic production. Also, in disentangling correlation vs. causation, we hypothesize that a country's development is more likely to drive changes in agricultural strategies than vice versa. Altogether, our correlative analyses suggest that countries with greater progress toward the SDGs of no poverty, zero hunger, good health and wellbeing, quality education, decent work, economic growth, and reduced inequalities had the highest production of organic agriculture and, to a lesser extent, intensive use of inputs