Comparisons of spectra determined using detector atoms and spatial correlation functions

We show how two level atoms can be used to determine the local time dependent spectrum. The method is applied to a one dimensional cavity. The spectrum obtained is compared with the mode spectrum determined using spatially filtered second order correlation functions. The spectra obtained using two level atoms give identical results with the mode spectrum. One benefit of the method is that only one time averages are needed. It is also more closely related to a realistic measurement scheme than any other definition of a time dependent spectrum.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

An open systems approach to calculating time dependent spectra

A new method to calculate the spectrum using cascaded open systems and master equations is presented. The method uses two state analyzer atoms which are coupled to the system of interest, whose spectrum of radiation is read from the excitation of these analyzer atoms. The ordinary definitions of a spectrum uses two-time averages and Fourier-transforms. The present method uses only one-time averages. The method can be used to calculate time dependent as well as stationary spectra.Comment: 8 pages, revtex, 18 figures, to be published in J.Mod.Op

A framework for overall sustainability assessment of local small-scale energy production - demonstration of an approach

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Quantum description of light pulse scattering on a single atom in waveguides

We present a time dependent quantum calculation of the scattering of a few-photon pulse on a single atom. The photon wave packet is assumed to propagate in a transversely strongly confined geometry, which ensures strong atom-light coupling and allows a quasi 1D treatment. The amplitude and phase of the transmitted, reflected and transversely scattered part of the wave packet strongly depend on the pulse length (bandwidth) and energy. For a transverse mode size of the order of $\lambda^2$, we find nonlinear behavior for a few photons already, or even for a single photon. In a second step we study the collision of two such wave packets at the atomic site and find striking differences between Fock state and coherent state wave packets of the same photon number.Comment: to appear in Phys. Rev.

Vitellogenin Underwent Subfunctionalization to Acquire Caste and Behavioral Specific Expression in the Harvester Ant Pogonomyrmex barbatus

PMCID: PMC3744404This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum