EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF FRUIT EXTRACTS OF CHAYOTE (SECHIUM EDULE [JACQ.] SWARTZ) GROWN IN DIFFERENT SITES IN JAVA - INDONESIA

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various fruit extracts of chayote from three different sites using twoantioxidant methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdenum methods, correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid,and carotenoid content in various extracts of chayote with their IC50 of DPPH antioxidant activities and EC50 of phosphomolybdenum capacity.Methods: An extraction was carried out by reflux using various polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidantactivities using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content were conducted byultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and its correlation with ICResults: The lowest IC5050 of DPPH and EC50 of phosphomolybdenum were analyzed by Pearson's method. of DPPH scavenging activity was given by n-hexane fruit extract of chayote from Lembang (9.32 µg/ml), while the lowest ECof phosphomolybdenum capacity was given by ethyl acetate fruit extract of chayote from Semarang (209.87 µg/ml). Ethyl acetate chayote fruit extractfrom Malang gave the highest phenolic content and its n-hexane extract had the highest total flavonoid. There were negative and significant correlationbetween total flavonoid content in all of the chayote fruit extracts from three different sites with their IC50 of DPPH and ECConclusions: N-hexane chayote fruit extract from Lembang and Semarang and ethyl acetate chayote fruit extract from Semarang were categorizedas a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Flavonoid compounds in all of the chayote fruit extracts from three different locations were the majorcontributor in their antioxidant activities by DPPH and phosphomolybdenum methods. All of the chayote fruit extracts from Lembang, Semarang, andMalang had a linear result in DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Phosphomolybdenum, Chayote, Fruit, Different sites.50of phosphomolybdenum.50Â

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHYLACETATE EXTRACTOF RED Psidium guajava L. LEAVES GROWN IN MANOKO, LEMBANG- INDONESIA

Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) is a well known plant in Malaysia and Indonesia. Its leaves extract was found to possess antidiarrhea, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. Objective of this research is to isolate an antioxidant subtance from Red Psidium guajava L. leaves. The crude leaves was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus by gradual polarity of three different solvents, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antioxidant activity of each extract was tested by using DPPH(2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. Total phenol, total flavonoid and total tannin content of the extracts were also measured. Ethyl acetate extract was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromato-graphy for fractionation. Purification was performed using TLC preparativ. Isolate then characterizedusing specific spray reagent, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and infrared spectrophotometry. Crude drug of Psidiumguajava contained flavonoid, tannin, quinone, saponin and steroid/ triterpenoid. Antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract is 65.63% with total phenol 4.25%, total flavonoid 0.53% and total tannin 1.16%. Antioxidant compound N was isolated from ethyl acetate extract. Antioxidant compound N was supposed to be aglycone flavone that has OH at C -4\u27, C-5 and C-7

ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SUPER RED DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS COSTARICENSIS) COLLECTED FROM WEST JAVA-INDONESIA

Objectives: The goals of this research were to observe antioxidant properties from different parts of super red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS).Methods: Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and ABTS assays, total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoid content by Chang's method.Results: Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH scavenging activity of all of the extracts in the range of 2.69 μg/ml was −94.17 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate peel extract of super red dragon fruit expressed the highest TPC (4.56 g GAE/100 g) and the highest total flavonoid content (12.63 g QE/100 g). TPC in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit had a negative and significant correlation with their IC50 of ABTS. The IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS of flesh extract of super red dragon fruit showed positive and significant correlation.Conclusion: All different parts extracts of super red dragon fruit (except n-hexane flesh extract) were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by ABTS method. DPPH and ABTS showed linear results in antioxidant activities of super red dragon fruit flesh extract

Senyawa Antioksidan dari Ekstrak n-Heksana Daun Asam Jawa (Tamarindus indica L.) dari Banyuresmi, Garut - Indonesia

Pada proses metabolisme tubuh radikal bebas terbentuk secara alami, dalam jumlah tertentu diperlukan tubuh karena merupakan bagian dari sistem pertahanan tubuh. Jika tubuh terpapar radikal bebas berlebihan dan terus menerus dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sel bahkan kematian sel. Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang dapat menghambat reaksi oksidasi dengan mengikat radikal bebas dan molekul yang sangat reaktif. Berdasarkan beberapa penelitian, daun asam Jawa (Tamarindus indica L.) diketahui memilki efek antioksidan. Selain itu, daun asam Jawa telah banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk mengobati berbagai macam penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antioksidan berbagai ekstrak daun asam Jawa dengan DPPH, menetapkan IC50 peredaman DPPH, menetapkan kadar fenol total, flavonoid total, karotenoid total dari masing-masing ekstrak, menganalisis korelasi fenol total, flavonoid total, dan karotenoid total terhadap aktivitas peredaman DPPH dan mengisolasi senyawa aktif antioksidan dari ekstrak daun asam Jawa. Simplisia daun asam Jawa diekstraksi dengan refluks menggunakan tiga pelarut dengan kepolaran meningkat yaitu n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol. Dilakukan pemantauan pada setiap ekstrak secara kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT). Uji aktivitas peredaman radikal bebas DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil), IC50 peredaman DPPH, penentuan flavonoid total, fenol total, karotenoid total dilakukan dengan spektrofotometri ultraviolet-sinar tampak dan analisis korelasinya dengan aktivitas peredaman DPPH menggunakan metode Pearson. Ekstrak n-heksana difraksinasi secara kromatografi cair vakum (KCV). Fraksi ke-4-5 selanjutnya dilakukan subfraksinasi secara kromatografi kolom. Subfraksi 31 dimurnikan dengan KLT preparatif dan dilakukan uji kemurnian secara KLT. Simplisia daun asam Jawa (Tamarindus indica L.) mengandung flavonoid, fenol, terpenoid, steroid/triterpenoid. Ekstrak etanol daun asam Jawa (BJ ekstrak 1 % 0,81 g/mL) menunjukkan aktivitas peredaman DPPH tertinggi (66,74%) dengan IC50 peredaman DPPH 2,05 µg/mL, fenol total 6,17 g GAE/100 g, flavonoid total 3,22 g QE/100 g, karotenoid total 0,35% g BE/100 g. Satu senyawa antioksidan E diperoleh dari ekstrak n-heksana. Aktivitas peredaman DPPH ekstrak etanol daun asam Jawa berbeda bermakna terhadap ekstrak etil asetat dan ekstrak n-heksana (p<0.05). Golongan fenol merupakan kontributor utama pada aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun asam Jawa dengan metode DPPH. Senyawa antioksidan E merupakan senyawa aglikon flavonol yang mempunyai -OH bebas pada C-3 dan diduga mempunyai -OH bebas pada cincin A dan atau B.Kata kunci: antioksidan, DPPH, asam Jawa, daun, ekstrak n-heksana, isolat EAbstractIn metabolism process free radicals are formed naturally. The body needs a certain amount as a part of the body's defense system. If body is exposed by free radicals excessively and continuously can cause cell damage and even cell death. Antioxidant are compounds that can inhibit the oxidation reaction by binding to free radicals and highly reactive molecules. Based on several studies, tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) leaves were known to have the effect of antioxidants. In addition, tamarind leaves have been used by people for treating various diseases. This research aimed to test the antioxidant activity of various extracts of tamarind leaves by DPPH method, determine IC50 DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic, total flavonoids, total carotenoid of each extract, analyze their correlation with DPPH scavenging activity and isolation antioxidant compound of tamarind leaves extract. Crude drug of tamarind leaves was extracted by reflux aparatus using three solvents with increasing polarity, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Each extract were monitored by TLC, IC50 DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic, total flavonoids, total carotenoid of each extracts by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and their correlation with DPPH scavenging activity by Pearson method. N-hexane extract was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography. Then fractions 4-5 were subfractionated by column chromatography. Subfraction 31 was purified using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and purity test was performed by TLC. Crude drug of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) leaves contained flavonoids, phenolic compound, terpenoids, steroids / triterpenoids. Ethanol extract of tamarind leaves (MW 1 % extract was 0.81 g / mL) showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (66.74 % ) with IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 2.05 µg/mL. Total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid content were 6.17 g GAE/100 g, 3.22 g QE/100 g and 0.35 g BE/100 g, respectively. An antioxidant compound E was obtained from n-hexane extract. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract significantly different with n-hexane extract and ethyl acetate extract (p<0.05). Phenolic compounds were the major contributor in tamarind leaves extract using DPPH assay. Antioxidant compound E was flavonol aglycone that had free -OH group in C-3 and expected had free -OH in ring A and or ring B.Keywords: antioxidant, DPPH, tamarind, leaves, n-hexane extract, isolate

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAUN BIOLA (Ficus Lyrata Warb.)

Radikal bebas merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab penyakit degeneratif dalam tubuh meningkat. Paparan radikal bebas yang berlebihan membuat tubuh membutuhkan antioksidan dari luar. Daun biola (Ficus lyrata Warb.) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian untuk menentukan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak, fraksi dan subfraksi daun biola dengan metode peredaman 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Metode ektraksi dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Fraksinasi dilakukan dengan cara ekstrasi cair-cair menggunakan tiga pelarut dengan tingkat kepolaran meningkat, yaitu n-heksana, etil asetat, dan air-etanol, serta di pantau dengan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dan di uji aktivitas antioksidan. Fraksinasi terpilih disederhanakan dengan kromatografi kolom sistem elusi gradient dan diuji aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil aktivitas antioksidan yang paling kuat ditunjukkan oleh fraksi etil asetat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 9,31±0,304 µg/ml

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DITERPENE AND ESSENTIAL OILS OF Hedychium roxburghii BL. RHIZOME

Objective: The objective of the present study were to isolate and determine diterpene compound and essential oils from H. roxburghii Bl. rhizome, and investigated those antimicrobial activity.Methods: The essential oils was obtained by steam distillation method, the residual was then extracted by reflux with ethanol. The content of essential oils was analyzed by GC/MS method.  Ethanolic residual-distillation extract was concentrated then used to isolate compound 1 by vacuum liquid chromatography and centrifugal chromatography. It was characterized by infrared spectrophotometry, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC-NMR, HMBC-NMR and carbon coupling NMR. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils, ethanolic residual-distillation extract and compound 1 were carried out by microdilution method.Results: The oils exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 (MIC 1,750 μg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (MIC 1,750 μg/ml), Escherichia coli ATCC 8939 (MIC 3,500 μg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 (> 3,500 μg/ml) and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (MIC 875 μg/ml). A phytochemical study of the rhizome essential oils of H. roxburghii Bl. were performed by GC/MS and the result showed that fenchyl acetate (45.85%) was the main component of the oils. Compound 1 was identified as diterpene compound, coronarin E. Coronarin E have not exhibited MIC at 512 μg/ml, however it showed inhibition profile against all of tested microbes.Conclusion: The essential oils and ethanolic residual-distillation extract of H. roxburghii Bl. rhizome exhibited weak antimicrobial profile. Compound 1 was identified as diterpene compound, (coronarin E), it was exhibited weak antimicrobial activity, but showed inhibition profile against all of tested microbes. Keywords: Hedychium roxburghii, Zingiberaceae, antimicrobial, essential oils, coronarin

HISTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION ON ARCHIDENDRON BUBALINUM (JACK) NIELSEN.) FROM LAMPUNG, SUMATERA, INDONESIA

Objective: This study was to describe the histochemical and morpho-anatomical of kabau seeds originating from Lampung, Sumatra Indonesia. Methods: Microscopic anatomical analysis of kabau seeds was carried out on the parts of kabau seeds with an incision as thick as 100 μm. The sample was placed on a glass object and aquadest, glycerin and choral hydrate were added and then covered with a glass cover, then observed under the light microscope equipped with digital camera, and analysis using the S-Viewer program. Histochemical tests are carried out with cross sections, which are colored with the following: Lugol iodine solution; ferric chloride; dragendr of; ninhydrin; K2Cr2O7. Results: Macroscopic characteristics, neatly arranged cylindrical kabau seeds consisting of five to six seeds on each pod. Yellowish-white kabau seeds are covered in a black seed coat, have a distinctive odor like jengkol or jering, have a slightly bittersweetness and a soft texture. The size of kabau seeds is 2 cm in length and 1.5 cm in diameter. Microscopic results on kabau seeds, an incision in choral hydrate showed visible parts of the epicarpium, pericarpium contained oil sacs and cell nuclei, and endosperm in each part of the sac contained starch grains and oil sac bags that gave off odors to the head, incisions in the drops of aqua dest almost the same as choral hydrate except that the starch grains are more clearly visible and an average diameter of 5,176 μm starch can be calculated. Conclusion: Histochemical reaction in the Kabau seed incision gave positive results on tannins in the endosperm, positive results for amino acids in the endosperm of purple rice, positive for alkaloids in the epicardium and pericarpium parts; black color throughout the epicardium, pericarpium and endosperm indicates a lot of starch is contained; and there are polyphenols in the endosperm oil sac

Particle Size Optimization of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seed Hardshell: A Potential Antioxidant Alternative

Natural ingredients can have extraordinary potential as alternative medicines due to their accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Application of these ingredients should consider solubility and permeability, which determine the success of pharmaceutical characteristics formulation and biological activity indication. In this context, physical manipulation, specifically particle size reduction, is an effective strategy to address these issues. Previous research has explored active compounds in the stilbenoid group, found in the outer skin, hard shell, and endosperm of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds, functioning as antioxidant. Based on the potential as antioxidant, stilbenoid compounds, including resveratrol, contained in melinjo seed hardshell have shown significant pharmacological effects. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the potential of melinjo seed hardshell extract as a natural antioxidant alternative by modifying the particle size through a grinding process to obtain nanoparticles. The analysis was carried out using ball milling to enhance the solubility of melinjo seed hardshell extract by increasing the saturated solubility and surface area of the particles. The results showed that the total phenol content and the antioxidant power increased significantly (p < 0.05) after ball milling. Melinjo seed hardshell nanoextract is reported herein as a promising source of natural antioxidant from local Indonesian plants

PENINGKATAN UMUR SIMPAN CABAI MERAH KERITING DENGAN COATING LARUTAN GEL LIDAH BUAYA

Cabai merah keriting termasuk bahan pangan yang bersifat perishable food dan mudah mengalami kelayuan akibat respirasi dan transpirasi sehingga cenderung mudah rusak dan busuk.diperlukan teknologi pengolahan yang dapat mempertahankan kesegaran dan umur simpan cabai merah, salah satunya dengan coating senyawa yang mengandung antibakteri dan dapat membungkus atau menutup pori-pori bahan, seperti edible coating. Salah satunya gel lidah buaya.metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok non faktorial dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu tanpa coating lidah buaya (L0), 100% Gel lidah buaya (L1), 80% gel lidah buaya (L2) dan 60% gel lidah buaya (L3), kemudian simpan dalam kemasan plastik PE di suhu ruang selam 8 hari dengan 3 kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati meliputi uji kadar air, analisis vitamin C dan uji ranking tingkat kesegaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar air terendah terdapat pada L3 yaitu 71,28% , sedangkan L0 sekitar 66,61 %.kadar vitamin C tertinggi terdapat pada perlakun L1 yaitu sebanyak 11,92% sedangkan L0 sebesar 4,47%. Konsentrasi gel lidah buaya sevbagai coating berpengaruh nyata terhadap tingkat kesegaran cabai merah keriting dengan tingkat kesegaran paling tinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan L1

IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC SCREENING OF KABAU (ARCHIDENDRON BUBALINUM (JACK) I. C NIELSEN) SEEDS

Objective: Study described the screening potential antidiabetic activity of kabau seed extract and fraction. Methods: The powdered crude drugs weighing 1349.32 grams were extracted with a solvent with solvents with escalating polarity by using soxhletation. The solvents used were n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol. Screening activity using three variations on doses on the three extracts using the glucose test tolerance method, then the alloxan induction and high-fat feed induction testing methods using selected doses, decreasing blood glucose levels using the GOD PAP enzyme and decreasing MDA levels and increased levels of the enzyme SOD. Extracts that have potential antidiabetic activity are fractionated using liquid-solid fractionation; then the fraction is screened for antidiabetic activity using the glucose test tolerance method. Results: Screening for antidiabetic activity on the three extracts using the glucose test tolerance method showed that the ethanol extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW. The three extracts were then screened for the next mechanism using the alloxan induction method and high-fat feed induction, the decrease in blood sugar levels by the GOD-PAP method showed a good decrease in the ethanol extract by 202.94±2 mg/dl, the three extracts showed good less significant, in the SOD enzyme method, the ethanol extract gave a good value such as the positive control value. Testing on fraction can decrease in blood sugar; the results showed that the ethanol extract and methanol fraction gave a small AUC 0-150 (32695,3 and 33167,71), where the value was close to the result of the glibenclamide 30238,48. Conclusion: The antidiabetic activity of the extract showed that the ethanol extract was better with the glucose test tolerance method, with alloxan induction animal models and high-fat feed induction. In the methanol fraction derived from 96% ethanol extract, it provides a good reduction in blood sugar levels in the screening method with a glucose test toleranc