Expression profiles of <i>FvNAC</i> genes in leaves under salt stress.

The salt stress treatment was simulated by irrigating potted woodland strawberry plants with 100 mM NaCl. Log2 based values from cold stress of qRT-PCR data were used to create the heat map.</p

Redox Properties of <i>N,N′</i>-Disubstituted Dihydrophenazine and Dihydrodibenzo[<i>a,c</i>]phenazine: The First Isolation of Their Crystalline Radical Cations and Dications

In this study, the redox behaviors of N,N′-disubstituted dihydrophenazine and dihydrodibenzo­[a,c]­phenazine and the distinct properties of their corresponding radical cation and dication species were systematically investigated and compared. A structure–activity relationship investigation revealed that the dication of dihydrophenazine was very reactive and unstable. Nevertheless, the unprecedented crystallization and single-crystal structures of their radical cation and dication species, especially the dication of dihydrophenazine DPPZ-B2+, were successfully achieved. X-ray crystallographic analysis unveiled the unique changes in the molecular geometry and electronic structure of dihydrophenazine and dihydrodibenzo­[a,c]­phenazine before and after oxidation. Moreover, the geometry planarization in the dihydrodibenzo­[a,c]­phenazine radical cation (DPAC•+) and dication (DPAC2+) was demonstrated for the first time, which could contribute to the understanding of its intriguing conformation-adaptive behavior. We expect that this study will provide new insight into the understanding of the structure–activity and structure–conformation relationship of dihydrophenazines, which can be helpful to the design and application of dihydrophenazine-based materials in the future

Expression profiles of <i>FvNAC</i> genes in leaves under drought stress.

The drought stress treatment was simulated by irrigating potted woodland strawberry plants with 200 mM mannitol. Log2 based values from cold stress of qRT-PCR data were used to create the heat map.</p

Genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of the NAC transcription factor family during abiotic and biotic stress in woodland strawberry

<div><p>The NAC transcription factors involved plant development and response to various stress stimuli. However, little information is available concerning the NAC family in the woodland strawberry. Herein, 37 <i>NAC</i> genes were identified from the woodland strawberry genome and were classified into 13 groups based on phylogenetic analysis. And further analyses of gene structure and conserved motifs showed closer relationship of them in every subgroup. Quantitative real-time PCR evaluation different tissues revealed distinct spatial expression profiles of the <i>FvNAC</i> genes. The comprehensive expression of <i>FvNAC</i> genes revealed under abiotic stress (cold, heat, drought, salt), signal molecule treatments (H₂O₂, ABA, melatonin, rapamycin), biotic stress (<i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> and <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>). Expression profiles derived from quantitative real-time PCR suggested that 5 <i>FvNAC</i> genes responded dramatically to the various abiotic and biotic stresses, indicating their contribution to abiotic and biotic stresses resistance in woodland strawberry. Interestingly, <i>FvNAC</i> genes showed greater extent responded to the cold treatment than other abiotic stress, and H₂O₂ exhibited a greater response than ABA, melatonin, and rapamycin. For biotic stresses, 3 <i>FvNAC</i> genes were up-regulated during infection with <i>C</i>. <i>gloeosporioides</i>, while 6 <i>FvNAC</i> genes were down-regulated during infection with <i>R</i>. <i>solanacearum</i>. In conclusion, this study identified candidate <i>FvNAC</i> genes to be used for the genetic improvement of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in woodland strawberry.</p></div

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Expression profiles of <i>FvNAC</i> genes in leaves under heat stress.

The heat stress treatment was performed by transferring the plants to a high temperature (40°C) for 4 h following recovery. Log2 based values from cold stress of qRT-PCR data were used to create the heat map.</p

Expression profiles of <i>FvNAC</i> genes in leaves under heat stress.

<p>The heat stress treatment was performed by transferring the plants to a high temperature (40°C) for 4 h following recovery. Log2 based values from cold stress of qRT-PCR data were used to create the heat map.</p

Expression profiles of <i>FvNAC</i> genes in leaves under <i>R. solanacearum</i> infection.

<p>The <i>R. solanacearum</i> infection stress was irrigating pathogenic bacteria suspension (1×10⁸ CFU) woodland strawberry seedlings.</p

Expression profiles of <i>FvNAC</i> genes in different organs of the woodland strawberry.

<p>The expression profiles were generated by qRT-PCR and visualized as heat map. The heat map was constructed using HemI 1.0 software. The color scale represents log2 expression values, with green indicates low expression and red indicates high expression.</p

Expression profiles of <i>FvNAC</i> genes in leaves under rapamycin stress.

<p>The rapamycin stress treatment was performed by spraying the woodland strawberry leaves with a solution containing 0.01 mM rapamycin. Log2 based values from cold stress of qRT-PCR data were used to create the heat map.</p