Table_1_Design and process optimization of combined medical and elderly care services: An integrated service blueprint–TRIZ model.DOCX

China's increasingly aging population is resulting in an imbalance between supply and demand for elderly care resources. The theory of “combined medical and elderly care” (CMEC) has introduced a new perspective in the conception of China's elderly care problems. This study employed the service blueprint, fuzzy failure mode and effects analysis (Fuzzy-FMEA), and the theory of inventive problem solving (TIPS or the Russian acronym TRIZ) for the process optimization of CMEC services in three phases. In the first phase (service process analysis), potential service failure points in the service process were analyzed using the service blueprint technique. In the second phase (service failure diagnosis), Fuzzy-FMEA was applied to diagnose the service failure modes and explore the possible causes and effects. The service failure modes were then prioritized based on fuzzy numbers and the cumulative fuzzy risk priority number (Fuzzy-RPN). Finally, in the third phase (generation of service optimization solutions), the TRIZ parameters, inventive principles, and contradiction matrix were first employed to select TRIZ inventive principles. The selected TRIZ inventive principles were then used to inspire inventive solutions for new service processes. Finally, a case study was conducted on the service processes of elderly care institutions to demonstrate the applicability of the optimization solutions.</p

Catechin biosynthetic pathway and chromatogram of typical tea samples.

<p>a.Catechin biosynthetic pathways in <i>Camellia sinensis</i>.F3′H and F3′5′H are two key enzymes controlling the hydroxylation of naringenin and dihydrokaempferol at either the 3′ position or at both the 3′ and 5′ positions in the B ring. Abbreviations of enzymes are as follows: CHS, chalcone synthase (EC 2.3.1.74); CHI, chalcone isomerase (EC 5.5.1.6); F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.9); F3′,5′H, flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.88); F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.21); FLS, flavonol synthase (EC 1.14.11.23); DFR, dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (EC 1.1.1.219); ANS, anthocyanidin synthase (EC 1.14.11.19); ANR, anthocyanidin reductase (EC 1.3.1.77); LAR, leucocyanidin reductase (EC 1.17.1.3); FGS, flavan-3-ol gallate synthase (EC number not assigned). b. Chromatogram of tea samples from Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control. Peak 1, EGC; 2, C; 3, Caffeine; 4, EC; 5,EGCG; 6,ECG. Zhonghuang2 had higher EGCG content and Longjing43 had higher ECG content.</p

Length distribution of assembled unigenes.

<p>Length distribution of assembled unigenes.</p

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Flavonoid 3′-Hydroxylase and Flavonoid 3′,5′-Hydroxylase Genes in Affecting the Ratio of Dihydroxylated to Trihydroxylated Catechins in <i>Camellia sinensis</i>

<div><p>The ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins (RDTC) is an important indicator of tea quality and biochemical marker for the study of genetic diversity. It is reported to be under genetic control but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) are key enzymes involved in the formation of dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated catechins. The transcriptome and HPLC analysis of tea samples from Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment were performed to assess the F3′H and F3′5′H genes that might affect RDTC. A total of 74.7 million reads of mRNA seq (2×101bp) data were generated. After <i>de novo</i> assembly, 109,909 unigenes were obtained, and 39,982 of them were annotated using 7 public databases. Four key F3′H and F3′5′H genes (including <i>CsF3′5′H1</i>, <i>CsF3′H1</i>, <i>CsF3′H2</i> and <i>CsF3′H3</i>) were identified to be closely correlated with RDTC. Shading treatment had little effect on RDTC, which was attributed to the stable expression of these key F3′H and F3′5′H genes. The correlation of the coexpression of four key genes and RDTC was further confirmed among 13 tea varieties by real time PCR and HPLC analysis. The coexpression of three F3′H genes and a F3′5′H gene may play a key role in affecting RDTC in <i>Camellia sinensis</i>. The current results may establish valuable foundation for further research about the mechanism controlling catechin composition in tea.</p></div

Catechin composition obtained by HPLC from Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment (Mean±standard deviation, n = 3).

<p>Means in each column for each catechins labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05) based on one-way ANOVA with Duncan′s multiple range test.</p

The log₂(RPKM) of candidate F3′5′H and F3′H genes in Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment.

<p>The log₂(RPKM) of candidate F3′5′H and F3′H genes in Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment.</p

Summary for RNA-Seq datasets of <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>.

<p>Summary for RNA-Seq datasets of <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>.</p

The ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins in Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment (Mean±standard deviation, n = 3).

<p>Means showing significant difference (P < 0.05) are labeled with different letters based on one-way ANOVA with Duncan′s multiple range test.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of F3′H and F3′5′H amino acid sequences.

<p>Red lines represent F3′5′H and green lines represent F3′H. Four key genes identified in this study are marked in blue color.</p

Correlation of the relative expression of key F3′H genes to <i>CsF3′5′H1</i> and the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins among 13 varieties.

<p>Blue line represents the trend of the relative expression of (<i>CsF3′H1</i>+<i>CsF3′H2</i>+<i>CsF3′H3</i>)/ <i>CsF3′5′H1</i> to the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins. ** represents highly significant at p< 0.01.</p