Relative Odds of Neck Pain to Helmet Use Among Motorcyclists: a Case-Control Study

Background: Neck pain is a widespread problem among motorcyclists, which is often neglected. There is limited research on the motorcycle's ergonomics, particularly in the context of the interaction between the riders and motorcycle. Motorcycle helmets have proven to increase the weight on the neck, thus causing more burdens which can lead to neck pain. Methodology: Case-Control study design was opted to measure the relative odds of neck pain in relation to the helmet use as an exposure. A total of 260 (mean age of 22.58 ± S.D. 1.95 years) undergraduate students were selected using purposive sampling. The case to control ratio was 1:4 (54 Cases and 206 Controls) where cases were defined as the motorcyclists having neck pain with a riding experience of more than one year. The neck pain and disability scale were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to calculate the significant relationship and odds of neck pain amongst motorcyclists with and without helmet use. Results: The study results showed that out of 260 motorcyclists, 190 (73.1%) were helmet users, and 54 (20.8%) had neck pain, 70 (27.9%) helmet users had a neck pain prevalence of 11 (4.2%). The relative odd to have neck pain was 2.13 times more amongst the motorcyclists using the helmet as compared to that of non-helmet users. The logistic regression results showed significant results (P < 0.05) with regards to the BMI, helmet weight and duration of helmet use but did not show a significant relation with average motorcycle use per day unless it exceeded 70 kilometres. Conclusion: Use of helmet can be a potential cause of neck pain amongst motorcyclist users but the odds to have neck pain enhance with the increase in motorcycle use per day. The protective benefits are multi-fold for helmet use which outreaches the negative impact, including neck pain amongst motorcyclists

Refactoring Legacy JavaScript Code to Use Classes: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly

JavaScript systems are becoming increasingly complex and large. To tackle the challenges involved in implementing these systems, the language is evolving to include several constructions for programming- in-the-large. For example, although the language is prototype-based, the latest JavaScript standard, named ECMAScript 6 (ES6), provides native support for implementing classes. Even though most modern web browsers support ES6, only a very few applications use the class syntax. In this paper, we analyze the process of migrating structures that emulate classes in legacy JavaScript code to adopt the new syntax for classes introduced by ES6. We apply a set of migration rules on eight legacy JavaScript systems. In our study, we document: (a) cases that are straightforward to migrate (the good parts); (b) cases that require manual and ad-hoc migration (the bad parts); and (c) cases that cannot be migrated due to limitations and restrictions of ES6 (the ugly parts). Six out of eight systems (75%) contain instances of bad and/or ugly cases. We also collect the perceptions of JavaScript developers about migrating their code to use the new syntax for classes.Comment: Paper accepted at 16th International Conference on Software Reuse (ICSR), 2017; 16 page

Towards automated support for extraction of reusable components

A cost effective introduction of software reuse techniques requires the reuse of existing software developed in many cases without aiming at reusability. This paper discusses the problems related to the analysis and reengineering of existing software in order to reuse it. We introduce a process model for component extraction and focus on the problem of analyzing and qualifying software components which are candidates for reuse. A prototype tool for supporting the extraction of reusable components is presented. One of the components of this tool aids in understanding programs and is based on the functional model of correctness. It can assist software engineers in the process of finding correct formal specifications for programs. A detailed description of this component and an example to demonstrate a possible operational scenario are given

PENERAPAN ROBOT LENGAN SEBAGAI PENYELEKSI OBJEK BERBENTUK LINGKARAN BERDASARKAN WARNA MENGGUNAKAN KAMERA BERBASIS ATMEGA328

Proses penyeleksian suatu produk merupakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan secara berulang-ulang sehingga dapat menimbulkan rasa membosankan bagi manusia. Pekerjaan yang berulang-ulang akan lebih efektif apabila menggunakan otomasi. Salah satu bentuk dari otomasi tersebut adalah menggunakan robot berlengan. Robot berlengan dapat digunakan menggantikan posisi manusia dalam proses penyeleksian suatu produk. Robot berlengan bekerja berdasarkan instruksi yang diberikan pada sebuah mikrokontroller seperti mengambil benda dan meletakkannya pada suatu tempat sesuai dengan perintah yang telah diberikan. Pada penelitian ini robot berlengan 6 DOF digunakan untuk menyeleksi objek lingkaran berdasarkan warna merah, hijau dan biru menggunakan Webcam. Metode yang dipakai dalam proses penyeleksian adalah Shape dan Color Detection. Menggerakkan robot lengan untuk memindahkan objek digunakan sebuah metode inverse kinematik yang telah di program kedalam mikrokontroller. Jenis mikrokontroller yang digunakan adalah ATMega328. Ketika objek telah diketahui berbetuk lingkaran dan mengandung warna merah, hijau atau biru, maka robot lengan akan mengambil objek tersebut dan akan meletakakkan objek kedalam wadah sesuai dengan warna objek. Percobaan dilakukan sebanyak 100 kali dengan percobaan pada objek berwarna merah sebanyak 33 kali, objek warna hijau 33 kali dan objek warna biru sebanyak 34 kali. Tingkat kesalahan penyeleksian tertinggiadalah pada warna hijau yaitu 7 kali, disusul oleh warna merah 6 kali dan warna biru 5 kali

Analisa Pengaruh Aliran Fluida Yang Ditimbulkan Oleh Gerakan Putaran Propeller Pada Kapal Ikan Terhadap Tekanan Propeller Dengan Pendekatan Cfd

Dalam operasinya dilaut, suatu kapal harus memiliki kemampuan untuk mempertahankan kecepatan dinas (Vs) seperti yang direncanakan. Hal ini mempunyai arti bahwa, kapal haruslah mempunyai rancangan sistem propulsi yang dapat mengatasi keseluruhan gaya-gaya hambat yang terjadi agar memenuhi standar kecepatan dinasnya. Penelitian untuk meningkatkan daya dorong propeller dari tahun ketahun terus dilakukan dengan meningkatakan efisiensi propeller. Tapi dari sisi lain USAha untuk meneliti dimana konsentrasi tegangan yang diakibatkan daya dorong propeller masih kurang dilakukan Untuk tugas akhir ini analisa yang dilakukan adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi tekanan pada propeller dan juga maximum stress yang terjadi pada propeller. Proses pembuatan model geometri dibantu dengan menggunakan software CAD dan analisanya dilakukan dengan mengunakan pendekatan CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) sebagai sarana visualisasi.Analisa dilakukan dengan memvariasikan putaran propeller pada 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 rpm. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dan hasil running software CFD yang telah dilakukan didapatkan hasil perbedaan tekanan dimana pada tiap putarannya semakin meningkat. Tekanan paling besar terjadi pada putaran 500 rpm yaiutu sebesar 28169,72 N. Dengan menggunakan software MSC NASTRAN didapatkan nilai maksimum strees sebesar 13,1 N/mm2 akan tetapi material ini masih dalam batas aman karena hasil perhitungan safety factor material bahan didapat nilai 33,87

Pengaruh Aktivasi dalam Penurunan Kandungan (Pb) dalam Air Laut Menggunakan Tanah Lempung sebagai Penukar Ion

Bengkalis has a characteristic red soil water that people use other alternatives such as the use of rain water as drinking water, seawater however Bengkalis potentially be processed into clean water. One alternative treatment of sea water into fresh water is to use ion exchange method. This study uses an ion exchange method which utilizes clay Kulim. As well as ion exchange column used 2 inch diameter and a height of 1.2 meters. The medium used is activated clay and sea water Bengkalis Island. Variation used is acid solution HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4 with each solution concentration 2M and clay without activation as a control. Used detention time is 180 minutes, while the clay size -10+15 mesh. From the results, the highest efficiency in H2SO4 activated clay with an efficiency of 95.2% Pb concentration of 1.201 mg/L to 0.058 mg/L. When in comparison with clean water quality standard Pb concentration in sea water not meet quality standards. Then calculated the value of the clay CEC and CEC highest value obtained is 124.16 meq/g on activated clay H2SO4 These results indicate that the ion exchange method using activated clays are capable of removing Pb and Ca concentrations in seawater

Awareness of Swine Flu Among the Medical Students of Shaikh Zayed Medical College Rahim Yar Khan

Bacckground: Swine flu is a viral disease affecting upper as well as lower respiratory tracts. Due to limited resources in a developing country like Pakistan, medical students (the future medical practitioners) should be familiar with the basic knowledge, attitude and practice regarding this infectious disease so that they can help the community during its outbreaks. Objective: To determine the basic knowledge and awareness of swine flu among the medical students of Shaikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan. Methodology: This cross sectional observational study was carried out among the medical students of Shaikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan during April – May 2019 through a pre-designed pro-forma. A total of three hundred pro-forma were distributed in all classes of MBBS from first year to final year, among which 211 were returned, completely filled by the respondents. The responses of 45 students were disregarded as they hadn\u27t heard about swine flu. Remaining 166 questionnaires were included in the study and further analyzed for results. Data was then analyzed with SPSS version 22.0. Results: Majority of respondents (n=151, 91%) correctly replied “virus as its causative agent”. Majority of respondents (n=138, 83.1%) responded “respiratory droplet as mode of transmission”. One hundred and sixty six questionnaires were further analyzed for results. Regarding treatment and prevention of swine flu, 123 (74.1%) replied it as treatable disease and a significant number of students (n=154, 92.8%) deemed it as preventable. About half (45.8%) of participants did not know about vaccine availability in Pakistan and only 42 (25.3%) students correctly answered that vaccination was the best measure to prevent swine flu. Conclusion: Satisfactory results were seen about knowledge and awareness regarding epidemiology, etiology and mode of transmission. However, deficiencies were seen in awareness about vaccination and prevention of swine flu. So there is a need for health education awareness programs in medical and dental schools on regular basis

Saudi SCD patients’ symptoms and quality of life relative to the number of ED visits

Background Individuals living with sickle cell disease (SCD) have significantly increased emergency department (ED) use compared to the general population. In Saudi Arabia, health care is free for all individuals and therefore has no bearing on increased ED visits. However, little is known about the relationship between quality of life (QoL) and frequency of acute care utilization in this patient population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 366 patients with SCD who attended the outpatient department at King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through self-administered surveys, which included: demographics, SCD-related ED visits, clinical issues, and QoL levels. We assessed the ED use by asking for the number of SCD-related ED visits within a 6-month period. Results The self-report survey of ED visits was completed by 308 SCD patients. The median number of SCD-related ED visits within a 6-month time period (IQR) was four (2-7 visits). According to the unadjusted negative binomial model, the rate of SCD-related ED visits increased by (46, 39.3, 40, and 53.5 %) for patients with fever, skin redness with itching, swelling, and blood transfusion, respectively. Poor QoL tends to increase the rate of SCD-related ED visits. Well education and poor general health positively influenced the rate of SCD-related ED visits. Well education tends to increase the rate of SCD-related ED visits by 50.2 %. The rate of SCD-related ED visits decreased by 1.4 % for every point increase in general health. Conclusion Saudi patients with sickle cell disease reported a wide range of SCD-related ED visits. It was estimated that six of 10 SCD patients had at least three ED visits within a 6-month period. Well education and poor general health resulted in an increase in the rate of SCD-related ED visits