ジョウサンテキ バイリンガリズム ト シエン キョウシツ シャカイ ニ オケル ゲンゴカン ノ ケンリョク カンケイ ノ カンテン カラ

多言語環境に育つ児童生徒対象の日本語教育が成人対象の場合と大きく異なる点は、対象者が第1言語 (L1) においても認知的能力においても未だ発達過程にあることを考慮して行なわなければならない点である。彼らにとって言語は単なるコミュニケーション上の役割にとどまらず、認知的な発達を促す上でも重要な役割を担うものである。従って第2言語 (L2) の日本語の習得だけではなく、L1も共に保持伸長を図る乗算的バイリンガリズムの視点に立つ必要がある。Landry & Allard (1992) によると、特にL1の社会的地位が低く社会の主要言語との格差が大きい場合には、自らのL1が社会的に劣勢であることを感じ取り、やがてL1を捨て、社会的に優勢な言語 (L2) のモノリンガルになってしまうといわれている。さらに、L1の社会的地位が低い場合には、学校においてその価値を積極的に認められるような環境をつくることが乗算的バイリンガリズムの成功を握る重要な要因の一つであると指摘している。しかし実際には、学校の教室では社会の再生産が行なわれる傾向があり (Wilcox, 1982)、参加者のやり取りには社会における言語間の権力関係が如実に反映されメッセージとして伝えられていることが指摘されている (Martin-Jones, 1995)。本稿では、乗算的バイリンガリズムの理念に基づき運営する地域の学習支援教室を対象とし、乗算的バイリンガリズムの実現の可能性を探るため、参加者のやりとりに反映される言語間の権威差とメッセージを明らかにすることを試みた。考察の結果、支援教室では二言語が同等に用いられており、「社会(外)が学校(教室)を規定する」という関係は完全なものではなく、外とは違う「新たな関係性」を教室で創ることが可能であることが明らかになった。日本における乗算的バイリンガリズム実現のための一つの可能性として提案したい。Japanese-language education for school students in a multilingual environment is different from that for adults in that teachers should be aware that the students are still developing their first language (L1) and cognitive competence. To students, language encourages their cognitive development as well as plays a communication role. Therefore, it is important to have an additional bilingualism perspective, which tries to keep L1 in addition to Japanese-language acquisition. According to Landry & Allard (1992), students are inclined to become monolingual in case the social status of L1 is low and there is a big gap between L1 and predominant language in the society. They also pointed out that creating a classroom environment in which students can find their L1 important is the key to success in additional bilingualism. However, there is a tendency for the structure of society to be reproduced in the school classroom (Wilcox 1982), and the interaction between participants shows the power relation between languages (L1 and L2) in the society and conveys it as messages (Martin-Jones 1995). This study tries to clarify the power relation between two languages and messages transmitted among participants by way of interpersonal interactions in a communitybased bilingual support class based on the philosophy of additional bilingualism in Japan, for the purpose of exploring the possibility of realizing additional bilingualism. This bilingual classroom involves mostly shifting languages and using interpretation. As an observed result, two languages are used equally in the support class. In the end, the study indicates the relationship that “society provides schools/classrooms” is not firm, but it is possible to create a new relationship in a classroom

CLDジ サンザイ チイキ ニ オケル キョウイク ホショウ ニ ムケタ ガッコウ キョウイク ヘノ チョウセン ノ プロセス キョウイク イインカイ コクサイ コウリュウ キョウカイ ダイガク ノ タントウシャ ノ フリカエリ カラ

CLD 児の散在地域では、集住地域に比べCLD 児の教育課題を学校教育全体で取り組むべき事項としては捉えられにくく、体制整備が遅れる傾向がある。X 市も同様であったが、2019 年に転機を迎え、体制整備へと動き出した。本稿では、改革に関わったX 市の教育委員会、国際交流協会、大学の担当者のふり返りを基に、担当者がそれぞれどのような意識で実践してきたのか、そのプロセスを明らかにした。彼らは各々が長年の対処療法的な支援体制を脱する必要性を感じていた。そこへ「日本語教育の推進に関する法律」が後押しとなり、それぞれの立場で課題や情報を共有しながら事業革への筋をつくっていった。その背景には、以前から築いていた関係性を基に、組織の担当者として連携しながら、さらに「ひと」と「ひと」との関係を深め、CLD 児の教育保障の問題を新たな状況に転換しようする当事者意識が深まっていくプロセスがあった。In regions with scattered populations of foreigners, educational issues of CLD children are unlikely to be considered as matters to be addressed in school education, and as a result, the CLD children’s educational system is underdeveloped. The city X was no different until 2019 when they began to introduce changes. This paper focuses on reflections of members of a school board, an international association, and university personnel, who were involved in the educational reform ensuring CLD children’s education in city X. What perspective they had in association with their action and the process of how the change occurred were identified. As a result of the analysis, each of the three felt the need to remove a long-standing makeshift supporting system for CLD children. It turns out that the enactment of The Act on Promotion of Japanese Language Education encouraged them to take action. After the enforcement of the law, they began to share issues and information from their individual s andpoints to create a roadmap for reform. By communicating as members of their re pective organizations, they each became more aware of the need to develo a closer relationship so they can work together to transform the educational environment for CLD children.招待論文Invited Paper

MOTS-c modulates skeletal muscle function by directly binding and activating CK2.

MOTS-c is a mitochondrial microprotein that improves metabolism. Here, we demonstrate CK2 is a direct and functional target of MOTS-c. MOTS-c directly binds to CK2 and activates it in cell-free systems. MOTS-c administration to mice prevented skeletal muscle atrophy and enhanced muscle glucose uptake, which were blunted by suppressing CK2 activity. Interestingly, the effects of MOTS-c are tissue-specific. Systemically administered MOTS-c binds to CK2 in fat and muscle, yet stimulates CK2 activity in muscle while suppressing it in fat by differentially modifying CK2-interacting proteins. Notably, a naturally occurring MOTS-c variant, K14Q MOTS-c, has reduced binding to CK2 and does not activate it or elicit its effects. Male K14Q MOTS-c carriers exhibited a higher risk of sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in an age- and physical-activity-dependent manner, whereas females had an age-specific reduced risk of T2D. Altogether, these findings provide evidence that CK2 is required for MOTS-c effects

Matricellular Proteins Produced by Melanocytes and Melanomas: In Search for Functions

Matricellular proteins are modulators of cell-matrix interactions and cellular functions. The group includes thrombospondin, osteopontin, osteonectin/SPARC, tenascin, disintegrins, galectins and CCN proteins. The production of matricellular proteins such as osteopontin, SPARC or tenascin is highly upregulated in melanoma and other tumors but little is known about their functions in tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. The distribution pattern of CCN3 differs from most other matricellular proteins, such that it is produced abundantly by normal melanocytes, but is not significantly expressed in melanoma cells. CCN3 is known to inhibit melanocyte proliferation and stimulate adhesion to collagen type IV, the main component of the basement membrane. CCN3 has a unique role in securing adhesion of melanocytes to the basement membrane distinct from other melanoma-produced matricellular proteins which act as de-adhesive molecules and antagonists of focal adhesion. Qualitative and quantitative changes in matricellular protein expression contribute to melanoma progression similar to the E-cadherin to N-cadherin class switch, allowing melanoma cells to escape from keratinocyte control

The Constrained Maximal Expression Level Owing to Haploidy Shapes Gene Content on the Mammalian X Chromosome.

X chromosomes are unusual in many regards, not least of which is their nonrandom gene content. The causes of this bias are commonly discussed in the context of sexual antagonism and the avoidance of activity in the male germline. Here, we examine the notion that, at least in some taxa, functionally biased gene content may more profoundly be shaped by limits imposed on gene expression owing to haploid expression of the X chromosome. Notably, if the X, as in primates, is transcribed at rates comparable to the ancestral rate (per promoter) prior to the X chromosome formation, then the X is not a tolerable environment for genes with very high maximal net levels of expression, owing to transcriptional traffic jams. We test this hypothesis using The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) and data from the Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome (FANTOM5) project. As predicted, the maximal expression of human X-linked genes is much lower than that of genes on autosomes: on average, maximal expression is three times lower on the X chromosome than on autosomes. Similarly, autosome-to-X retroposition events are associated with lower maximal expression of retrogenes on the X than seen for X-to-autosome retrogenes on autosomes. Also as expected, X-linked genes have a lesser degree of increase in gene expression than autosomal ones (compared to the human/Chimpanzee common ancestor) if highly expressed, but not if lowly expressed. The traffic jam model also explains the known lower breadth of expression for genes on the X (and the Z of birds), as genes with broad expression are, on average, those with high maximal expression. As then further predicted, highly expressed tissue-specific genes are also rare on the X and broadly expressed genes on the X tend to be lowly expressed, both indicating that the trend is shaped by the maximal expression level not the breadth of expression per se. Importantly, a limit to the maximal expression level explains biased tissue of expression profiles of X-linked genes. Tissues whose tissue-specific genes are very highly expressed (e.g., secretory tissues, tissues abundant in structural proteins) are also tissues in which gene expression is relatively rare on the X chromosome. These trends cannot be fully accounted for in terms of alternative models of biased expression. In conclusion, the notion that it is hard for genes on the Therian X to be highly expressed, owing to transcriptional traffic jams, provides a simple yet robustly supported rationale of many peculiar features of X's gene content, gene expression, and evolution

Quantitative evaluation of ball-milling effects on the hydrolysis of cellulose catalysed by activated carbon

The synthesis of glucose from cellulose is a critical roadblock for establishing a new sustainable cycle of biorefinery to produce bio-based and environmentally-benign chemicals. We have previously demonstrated that the pre-treatment ball-milling of solid cellulose and a solid catalyst ( mix-milling) drastically improves the yield of glucose and oligosaccharides; however, the effect of this type of ball-milling has not been quantitatively evaluated. In this study, we performed several model reactions and found that the mix-milling method drastically enhanced the solid-solid reactions, such as the hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose to soluble oligomers on the solid catalyst, but not liquid-solid reactions. The kinetic study indicated that the rate constant of hydrolysis of cellulose to oligomers using mix-milling was 13-fold higher than that using individual milling. Owing to the fast depolymerisation of cellulose, we achieved a 72% yield of glucose with 97% conversion of cellulose and 74% selectivity at 418 K

留学生とつくる「多文化共生」に向けた地域と関わる「国際理解教育」

平成22～23年度　上越教育大学研究プロジェクト　研究成果報告書研究代表者 上越教育大学 准教授 原瑞穂研究分担者 上越教育大学 教授 下里俊行研究分担者 上越教育大学 教授 細江容子研究協力者 上越教育大学 国際交流サポーター 郷堀ヨゼ