45 research outputs found
Comparison of Flavonoid Composition of Red Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) Grown in the Southern United States
Raspberry flavonoid compounds have significant antioxidant
activities,
and regular consumption may help prevent and/or moderate chronic diseases.
Targeted metabolite profiling is useful to identify compounds contributing
to these antioxidant properties and health benefits and for tailored
breeding for functional foods. In this study, metabolomic variation
was determined among three fall-fruiting red raspberry cultivars (‘Autumn
Britten’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Nantahala’)
grown at three North Carolina locations differing in elevation and
average day/night temperatures. ‘Nantahala’ was specifically
bred for the mountainous regions of the southern United States. Ten
flavonoid compounds were detected by liquid chromatography–time-of-flight–mass
spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Of those, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-sophoroside,
cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-sambubioside, and quercetin-3-glucoside
were quantified against external standards. Variation in flavonoid
composition was primarily attributed to genotype and associated with
night temperature and hours exposed to temperatures over 29 °C.
‘Nantahala’ had particularly high levels of cyanidin-3-sambubioside,
indicative of its purple raspberry lineage. Quercetin-3-glucoside
levels increased the most with elevated temperatures
Key Role for the 12-Hydroxy Group in the Negative Ion Fragmentation of Unconjugated C24 Bile Acids
Host-gut microbial
interactions contribute to human health and
disease states and an important manifestation resulting from this
cometabolism is a vast diversity of bile acids (BAs). There is increasing
interest in using BAs as biomarkers to assess the health status of
individuals and, therefore, an increased need for their accurate separation
and identification. In this study, the negative ion fragmentation
behaviors of C24 BAs were investigated by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. The step-by-step
fragmentation analysis revealed a distinct fragmentation mechanism
for the unconjugated BAs containing a 12-hydroxyl group. The unconjugated
BAs lacking 12-hydroxylation fragmented via dehydration and dehydrogenation.
In contrast, the 12-hydroxylated ones, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA)
and cholic acid (CA), employed dissociation routes including dehydration,
loss of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, and dehydrogenation. All
fragmentations of the 12-hydroxylated unconjugated BAs, characterized
by means of stable isotope labeled standards, were associated with
the rotation of the carboxylate side chain and the subsequent rearrangements
accompanied by proton transfer between 12-hydroxyl and 24-carboxyl
groups. Compared to DCA, CA underwent further cleavages of the steroid
skeleton. Accordingly, the effects of stereochemistry on the fragmentation
pattern of CA were investigated using its stereoisomers. Based on
the knowledge gained from the fragmentation analysis, a novel BA,
3β,7β,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid, was
identified in the postprandial urine samples of patients with nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. The analyses used in this study may contribute to
a better understanding of the chemical diversity of BAs and the molecular
basis of human liver diseases that involve BA synthesis, transport,
and metabolism
Serum Metabolite Signatures of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complications
A number
of metabolic conditions, including hypoglycemia, high
blood pressure (HBP), dyslipidemia, nerve damage and amputation, and
vision problems, occur as a result of uncontrolled blood glucose levels
over a prolonged period of time. The different components of diabetic
complications are not independent but rather interdependent of each
other, rendering the disease difficult to diagnose and control. The
underlying pathogenesis of those components cannot be easily elucidated
because of the heterogeneous, polygenic, and multifactorial nature
of the disease. Metabonomics offers a snapshot of distinct biochemical
variations that may reflect the unique metabolic phenotype under pathophysiological
conditions. Here we report a mass-spectrometry-based metabonomic study
designed to identify the distinct metabolic changes associated with
several complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The 292
patients recruited in the study were divided into five groups, including
T2DM with HBP, T2DM with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),
T2DM with HBP and NAFLD, T2DM with HBP and coronary heart disease
(CHD), and T2DM with HBP, NAFLD, and CHD. Serum differential metabolites
were identified in each group of T2DM complication, mainly involving
bile acid, fatty acid, amino acid, lipid, carbohydrate, steroids metabolism,
and tricarboxylic acids cycle. These broad-spectrum metabolic changes
emphasize the complex abnormalities present among these complications
with elevated blood glucose levels, providing a novel strategy for
stratifying patients with T2DM complications using blood-based metabolite
markers
Histopathological alterations in the eWAT of mice fed HFD or/and PFOA.
<p>Adult mice were pair-fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or low fat control diet (CTRL) with or without perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) administration at 5 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks. H&E staining of Epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Arrows: Inflammatory cell infiltration.</p
Fold changes of hepatic metabolites in mice fed HFD or/and PFOA exposure for 3 weeks.
<p>Hepatic metabolites were analyzed by GC-TOF MS and HPLC-TOFMS (n = 7–8).</p>a<p>Fold change (FC) was obtained by comparing those metabolites in perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) group, high fat diet (HFD) group and HFD-PFOA group to control group (CTRL) or HFD-PFOA group to PFOA group; FC with a value >1 indicates a relatively higher concentration present in PFOA group, HFD group or HFD-PFOA group while a value <1 means a relatively lower concentration as compared to the controls or a relatively higher concentration present in HFD-PFOA group while a value <1 means a relatively lower concentration as compared to the PFOA group.</p>b<p><i>p</i> values from Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p
Metabonomic Profiling Reveals Cancer Chemopreventive Effects of American Ginseng on Colon Carcinogenesis in <i>Apc</i><sup><i>Min/+</i></sup> Mice
American
ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolius</i> L.) is one
of the most commonly used herbal medicines in the West. It has been
reported to possess significant antitumor effects that inhibit the
process of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying its
anticancer effects remain largely unresolved. In this study, we investigated
the cancer chemopreventive effects of American ginseng on the progression
of high fat (HF) diet-enhanced colorectal carcinogenesis with a genetically
engineered <i>Apc</i><sup><i>Min/+</i></sup> mouse
model. The metabolic alterations in sera of experimental mice perturbed
by HF diet intervention as well as the American ginseng treatment
were measured by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(GC-TOFMS) and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(LC-TOFMS) analysis. American ginseng treatment significantly extended
the life span of the <i>Apc</i><sup><i>Min/+</i></sup> mouse. Significant alterations of metabolites involving amino
acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates were observed
in <i>Apc</i><sup><i>Min/+</i></sup> mouse in
sera, which were attenuated by American ginseng treatment and concurrent
with the histopathological improvement with significantly reduced
tumor initiation, progression and gut inflammation. These metabolic
changes suggest that the preventive effect of American ginseng is
associated with attenuation of impaired amino acid, carbohydrates,
and lipid metabolism. It also appears that American ginseng induced
significant metabolic alterations independent of the <i>Apc</i><sup><i>Min/+</i></sup> induced metabolic changes. The
significantly altered metabolites induced by American ginseng intervention
include arachidonic acid, linolelaidic acid, glutamate, docosahexaenoate,
tryptophan, and fructose, all of which are associated with inflammation
and oxidation. This suggests that American ginseng exerts the chemopreventive
effects by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms
Fold changes of serum metabolites in mice subjected to HFD or/and PFOA exposure for 3 weeks.
<p>Serum metabolites were analyzed by GC-TOF MS and HPLC-TOFMS (n = 7–8).</p>a<p>Fold change (FC) was obtained by comparing those metabolites in perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) group, high fat diet (HFD) group and HFD-PFOA group to control group (CTRL) or HFD-PFOA group to PFOA group; FC with a value >1 indicates a relatively higher concentration present in PFOA group, HFD group or HFD-PFOA group while a value <1 means a relatively lower concentration as compared to the controls or a relatively higher concentration present in HFD-PFOA group while a value <1 means a relatively lower concentration as compared to the PFOA group.</p>b<p><i>p</i> values from Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p
Body weights, organ weights and blood parameters in mice subjected to HFD or/and PFOA exposure for 3 weeks.
<p>Data are means ± SD (n = 7–8). Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) among a, b, c, d were determined by One-Way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc comparison. eWAT: Epididymal white adipose tissue. sWAT: Subcutaneous white adipose tissue. BW: Body weight. FFAs: Free fatty acids.</p
Fold changes 0f drug metabolism genes in the liver of mice subjected to HFD or/and PFOA exposure for 3 weeks.
<p>The mRNA levels were analyzed by RT<sup>2</sup> Profiler™ PCR Array (<i>n</i> = 3), and genes with ≥1.5 fold change are listed.</p>*<p>Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) were determined by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. CTRL: Control. HFD: High fat diet. HFD-PFOA: High fat diet plus PFOA.</p