Variation in air temperature with time of day in alpine screes of the Hengduan Mountains in July.

<p>The temperature was recorded every 30 min on a clear day in July.</p

Changes in the molecular species of lysoPLs in <i>Meconopsis racemosa</i> grown in alpine scree (AS) and Kunming (KM).

<p>An asterisk indicates that the value of KM is different from that of AS (<i>P</i><0.05). Values are means ± standard deviation (<i>n</i> = 4 or 5).</p

DBI and acyl chain length of membrane lipids of <i>M. racemosa</i> after its introduction from an alpine habitat to a lowland habitat.

<p>DBI  =  (∑[<i>N</i> × mol% lipid])/100, where <i>N</i> is the number of double bonds in each lipid molecule. ACL was calculated using the following formula: ACL  =  (∑[<i>n</i> × mol% lipid])/100, where n is the number of acyl carbons in each lipid molecule. An asterisk indicates that the value of KM is different from that of AS (<i>P</i>< 0.05). Values are means ± standard deviation (<i>n</i> = 5).</p><p>DBI and acyl chain length of membrane lipids of <i>M. racemosa</i> after its introduction from an alpine habitat to a lowland habitat.</p

Changes in the molecular species of membrane lipids in <i>Meconopsis racemosa</i> grown in alpine scree (AS) and Kunming (KM).

<p>An asterisk indicates that the value of KM is significantly different from that of AS (<i>P</i><0.05). Values are means ± standard deviation (<i>n</i> = 4 or 5).</p

Levels of PG molecular species in leaves of <i>M. racemosa</i> plants.

<p>The relative change in PG species after introduction of <i>M. racemosa</i> to KM is the percentage value for the difference between the values of AS and KM, divided by the value of AS. An asterisk indicates that the value of KM is significantly different from that of AS (<i>P</i><0.05). Values are means ± standard deviation (<i>n</i> = 4 or 5).</p><p>Levels of PG molecular species in leaves of <i>M. racemosa</i> plants.</p

Leaf membrane lipid composition in each head group class and lipid ratios of <i>M. racemosa</i> grown in alpine scree (AS) and in Kunming (KM).

<p>The relative change in lipids after introduction of <i>M. racemosa</i> to KM is the percentage value for the difference between the values of AS and KM, divided by the value of AS. An asterisk indicates that the value of KM is different from that of AS (<i>P</i><0.05). Values are means ± standard deviation (<i>n</i> = 4 or 5).</p><p>Leaf membrane lipid composition in each head group class and lipid ratios of <i>M. racemosa</i> grown in alpine scree (AS) and in Kunming (KM).</p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Glycerolipidome responses to freezing- and chilling-induced injuries: examples in Arabidopsis and rice

Hierarchical average linkage clustering of lipid molecular species relative contents (mol%). Table S1. Levels of galactolipid species in leaves of Arabidopsis and rice after various low-temperature treatments. Table S2. Component matrix of PCA analysis. Table S3. Lipid ratios of Arabidopsis and rice after various low-temperature treatments. Table S4. Levels of PG molecular species in leaves of Arabidopsis and rice after various low-temperature treatments. Table S5. Levels of PA molecular species in leaves of Arabidopsis and rice after various low-temperature treatments. (DOC 446 kb

Acyl chains of PS lengthen under stresses in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. (Left panel)

<p>The acyl chain length of membrane glycerolipids under heat shock at 44°C for 2 h. (<b>Right panel</b>) The acyl chain length of membrane glycerolipids under dehydration for 100 min. Values are means ± s.d. (<i>n</i> = 5). An asterisk indicates that the value is different from that of the control (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Acyl chain lengths of eight plants.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Acyl chain lengths of membrane lipids, (<b>b</b>) The acyl chain length of membrane glycerolipids of 16∶3 plants, or (<b>c</b>) The acyl chain length of membrane glycerolipids of 18∶3 plants. MRV, maximum relative variation. Values are means ± s.d. (<i>n</i> = 5).</p

Acyl Chain Length of Phosphatidylserine Is Correlated with Plant Lifespan

<div><p>Plant lifespan is affected by factors with genetic and environmental bases. The laws governing these two factors and how they affect plant lifespan are unclear. Here we show that the acyl chain length (ACL) of phosphatidylserine (PS) is correlated with plant lifespan. Among the detected eight head-group classes of membrane lipids with lipidomics based on triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, the ACL of PS showed high diversity, in contrast to the ACLs of the other seven classes, which were highly conserved over all stages of development in all plant species and organs and under all conditions that we studied. Further investigation found that acyl chains of PS lengthened during development, senescence, and under environmental stresses and that increasing length was accelerated by promoted- senescence. The acyl chains of PS were limited to a certain carbon number and ceased to increase in length when plants were close to death. These findings suggest that the ACL of PS can count plant lifespan and could be a molecular scale ruler for measuring plant development and senescence.</p></div