Convenient new synthesis of umeclidinium bromide

<p>Umeclidinium bromide, a drug used for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is synthesized through a new intermediate of phenyl(quinuclidin-4-yl)methanone. This novel method with simple operation flow and cheap reagents, makes it suitable for scale up. The overall four-step process provides umeclidinium bromide in 29% yield and the purity up to 99.83%. The X-ray crystal structure of the drug molecule was first reported.</p

Genetic diversity and evolution of <i>Apple stem pitting virus</i> isolates from pear in China

<p>To determine the population structure and mechanisms of molecular evolution of <i>Apple stem pitting virus</i> (ASPV) isolates from pear in China, we compared 48 coat protein (CP) sequences from 31 ASPV pear isolates and 66 Triple Gene Block (TGB) sequences from 44 ASPV pear isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on these sequences and corresponding sequences from GenBank showed that ASPV grouping in phylogenetic trees was correlated to the host of origin (apple, pear and Korla pear), regardless of gene sequences examined. The ASPV isolates from pear could be divided into six evolutionary divergent subgroups (A–F) based on their CP sequences, and two new subgroups (B and F) were identified in this study. The ASPV isolates could be divided into five evolutionarily divergent groups based on their TGB sequences. Multiple alignment analysis indicated continuous nucleotide insertions or deletions were present in CP of ASPV pear isolates in China. Recombination events were detected in CP and TGB sequences in our study. These results suggest that ASPV CP and TGB genes were under negative selection. Our study suggests that insertion or deletion mutation, selection pressure and recombination play important roles in genetic diversity of ASPV pear isolates in China.</p

Historical trend of BC flux and its potential source.

<p><b>(A)</b> Variation of BC flux from 1860 to 2013 reconstructed from two sediment cores (SAF-1 and BAF-1) in Yancheng coastal wetland, China. An obvious peaking period of BC flux is marked by red bar (last 20 years). Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) of the mean of three parallel samples. <b>(B)</b> Variations of social and economic development indicators in Jiangsu province including gross domestic product (GDP), gross industrial production, total energy consumption and total sown area [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129680#pone.0129680.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>] and total carbon emission (1995–2010) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129680#pone.0129680.ref050" target="_blank">50</a>].</p

Depth variations of physicochemical parameters of two sediment cores (SAF-1 and BAF-1) in Yancheng coastal wetland, China.

<p><b>(A)</b> Water content (%). <b>(B)</b> Dry bulk density (g cm^-3). <b>(C)</b> Mass magnetic susceptibility (10⁻⁸ m³ kg^-1).</p

Location of sampling site.

<p><b>(A)</b> China map showing the location of Yancheng city in Jiangsu province. <b>(B)</b> Yancheng map showing the National Nature Reserve area and the sampling site.</p

Depth variations of black carbon (BC, mg g^-1) of two sediment cores (SAF-1 and BAF-1) in Yancheng coastal wetland, China.

<p>An obvious peaking section of BC content is marked by red bar (the surface 15 cm). Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) of the mean of three parallel samples.</p

Radioisotope results for ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs.

<p><b>(A)</b>²¹⁰Pb activity (Bq kg^-1), <b>(B)</b>²¹⁰Pb-inferred chronologies (yr) and <b>(C)</b>¹³⁷Cs activity (Bq kg^-1) plotted against mass depth (g cm^-2) for SAF-1 core. <b>(D)</b>²¹⁰Pb activity, <b>(E)</b>²¹⁰Pb-inferred chronologies and <b>(F)</b>¹³⁷Cs activity plotted against mass depth for BAF-1 core. Error bars represent 1 standard deviation (SD) from counting uncertainty.</p

Photos of core sampling.

<p><b>(A)</b> A photo showing the sampling site scene at Yancheng coastal wetland and core sampling in the field. <b>(B)</b> and <b>(C)</b> Photos showing the sediment cores of SAF-1 and BAF-1. PVC pipes were cut in half to show the lithologic character in the laboratory.</p

Sediment rate (SR, cm yr^-1) and mass accumulation rate (MAR, g cm^-2 yr^-1) plotted against age determined from ²¹⁰Pb (calendar year AD) of two sediment cores (SAF-1 and BAF-1) in Yancheng coastal wetland, China.

<p>Sediment rate (SR, cm yr^-1) and mass accumulation rate (MAR, g cm^-2 yr^-1) plotted against age determined from ²¹⁰Pb (calendar year AD) of two sediment cores (SAF-1 and BAF-1) in Yancheng coastal wetland, China.</p

supplementary_figures – Supplemental material for The mid-Holocene decline of the East Asian summer monsoon indicated by a lake-to-wetland transition in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

<p>Supplemental material, supplementary_figures for The mid-Holocene decline of the East Asian summer monsoon indicated by a lake-to-wetland transition in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China by Zhenqing Zhang, Kam-Biu Liu, Thomas A Bianchette and Guoping Wang in The Holocene</p