70 research outputs found

    Perpustakaan Umum Malang Dengan Kombinasi Taman Vertikal Dan Ventilasi Untuk Perancangan Ruang Baca

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    Kualitas udara dalam ruang merupakan sebuah interaksi yang dapat berubah baiksecara konstan mau pun tidak yang diakibatkan oleh beberapa faktor yangmempengaruhi baik dari lingkungan luar mau pun lingkungan dalam. Salah saturuangan yang berpotensi tinggi untuk mengalami masalah polusi udara dalam ruangadalah ruang perpustakaan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kondisi lingkungan eksternalseperti debu yang terbawa angin dan kondisi internal yaitu bakteri yang terbawa padabuku-buku lama yang dihirup oleh pelaku aktifitas perpustakaan. Dari faktor eksternal,salah satu penyebabnya ialah debu, tanah, dan polutan yang terbawa di udara masuk kedalam ruang perpustakaan. Pengoperasian sistem ventilasi bangunan berperan pentingdalam membawa udara masuk ke dalam ruangan. Salah satu strategi yang telahdisebutkan ialah penggunaan filter. Filter pada ventilasi berfungsi sebagai penyerappolusi yang terbawa angin luar masuk ke ruang dalam. Terdapat beberapa cara untukfiltrasi pada bangunan salah satunya adalah taman vertikal. Diharapkan penggunaankombinasi taman vertikal dan ventilasi dapat menjadi sumber penghawaan alami yangtetap memperhatikan kualitas udara dalam pada perpustakaan agar masalah buruknyakualitas udara ruang dalam pada perpustakaan dapat direduksi

    ROS generation and defense-related gene expression in the <i>dj-lm</i> mutant.

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    <p><b>(A)</b> ROS bursts of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> after chitin treatment. Values are means ± standard errors of three biological replications. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. <b>(B)</b> ROS bursts of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> after flg22 treatment. Values are means ± standard errors of three biological replications. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. <b>(C)</b> Transcript levels of cell death-related and PR genes in DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> plants. Values are means and standard errors of three biological replications. White and gray bars represent the transcript levels of the genes tested in DJ and <i>dj-lm</i>, respectively. Significance was determined at ***P<0.0001 with a Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p

    The Rice Dynamin-Related Protein OsDRP1E Negatively Regulates Programmed Cell Death by Controlling the Release of Cytochrome <i>c</i> from Mitochondria

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    <div><p>Programmed cell death (PCD) mediated by mitochondrial processes has emerged as an important mechanism for plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the role of translocation of cytochrome <i>c</i> from the mitochondria to the cytosol during PCD remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the rice dynamin-related protein 1E (OsDRP1E) negatively regulates PCD by controlling mitochondrial structure and cytochrome <i>c</i> release. We used a map-based cloning strategy to isolate <i>OsDRP1E</i> from the lesion mimic mutant <i>dj-lm</i> and confirmed that the E409V mutation in OsDRP1E causes spontaneous cell death in rice. Pathogen inoculation showed that <i>dj-lm</i> significantly enhances resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Functional analysis of the E409V mutation showed that the mutant protein impairs OsDRP1E self-association and formation of a higher-order complex; this in turn reduces the GTPase activity of OsDRP1E. Furthermore, confocal microscopy showed that the E409V mutation impairs localization of OsDRP1E to the mitochondria. The E409V mutation significantly affects the morphogenesis of cristae in mitochondria and causes the abnormal release of cytochrome <i>c</i> from mitochondria into cytoplasm. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the mitochondria-localized protein OsDRP1E functions as a negative regulator of cytochrome <i>c</i> release and PCD in plants.</p></div

    Phenotypic characterization of the <i>dj-lm</i> mutant.

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    <p><b>(A)</b> Representative leaves of Dongjin (DJ) and <i>dj-lm</i> plants. <b>(B)</b> Trypan blue staining of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> leaves. <b>(C)</b> Diamiobenzidine (DAB) staining of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> leaves. <b>(D)</b> DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> plants grown in the field. <b>(E)</b> Disease phenotypes of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> after inoculation with <i>M</i>. <i>oryzae</i> isolate RO1-1. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. Bar = 1 cm. <b>(F)</b> Lesion length of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> after inoculation with RO1-1. Values are means ± standard errors of 10 replications. Significance was determined at ***P<0.0001 with a Student’s <i>t</i>-test. <b>(G)</b> Relative fungal biomass of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> after inoculation with <i>M</i>. <i>oryzae</i>. Values are means ± standard errors of 10 replications. Significance was determined at *P<0.05 with a Student’s <i>t</i>-test. <b>(H)</b> Disease phenotypes of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> after inoculation with <i>Xoo</i> strain PXO-99. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. Bar = 1 cm. <b>(I)</b> Lesion length of DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> after inoculation with PXO99. Values are means ± standard errors of 10 replications. Significance was determined at ***P<0.0001 with a Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p

    Subcellular localization of OsDRP1E-GFP and E409V-GFP <i>in planta</i>.

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    <p>(A) Confocal images of OsDRP1E-GFP and E409V-GFP transiently expressed in rice protoplasts. MitoTracker was used as the mitochondrial marker. Bar = 10 μm. (B) Confocal images of OsDRP1E-GFP and E409V-GFP transiently expressed in <i>N</i>. <i>benthamiana</i>. Ds-RED-tagged COX4 was used as the mitochondrial marker. Bar = 10 μm.</p

    GTPase activity assay of OsDRP1E and E409V.

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    <p><b>(A)</b> GTPase colorimetric reaction of different amounts of MBP-tagged OsDRP1E and E409V or MBP protein at 2, 5, and 10 min. Lanes 1, 4, and 7: MBP protein. Lanes 2, 5, and 8: MBP-OsDRP1E. Lanes 3, 6, and 9: MBP-E409V. Lane 10: H<sub>2</sub>O. <b>(B</b>) Pi released in GTP hydrolysis by 5 μg of MBP-tagged OsDRP1E and E409V at different time points, as indicated. Circles represent MBP-OsDRP1E and triangles represent MBP-E409V. Similar results were obtained from two independent experiments. <b>(C)</b> Pi released during GTP hydrolysis by 2, 5, and 10 μg of MBP-tagged OsDRP1E and E409V at 5 min. Circles represent MBP-OsDRP1E, triangles represent MBP-E409V. Similar results were obtained from two independent experiments.</p

    Comprehensive Profiling of the Rice Ubiquitome Reveals the Significance of Lysine Ubiquitination in Young Leaves

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    Protein ubiquitination is a major post-translational modification that regulates development, apoptosis, responses to environmental cues, and other processes in eukaryotes. Although several ubiquitinated proteins have been identified in rice, large-scale profiling of the rice ubiquitome has not been reported because of limitations in the current analytical methods. Here, we report the first rice ubiquitome, determined by combining highly sensitive immune affinity purification and high resolution LC–MS/MS. We identified 861 di-Gly-Lys-containing peptides in 464 proteins in rice leaf cells. Bioinformatic analyses of the ubiquitome identified a variety of cellular functions and diverse subcellular localizations for the ubiquitinated proteins, and also revealed seven putative ubiquitination motifs in rice. Proteins related to binding and catalytic activity were predicted to be the preferential targets of lysine ubiquitination. A protein interaction network and KEGG analysis indicated that a wide range of signaling and metabolic pathways are modulated by protein ubiquitination in rice. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the significantly improved method for assaying proteome-wide ubiquitination in plants. The identification of the 464 ubiquitinated proteins in rice leaves provides a foundation for the analysis of the physiological roles of these ubiquitination-related proteins

    The E409V mutation affects the self-association of OsDRP1E.

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    <p><b>(A)</b> Yeast two-hybrid assays using the <i>HIS3</i> reporter to detect the self-interaction of OsDRP1E. Yeast cells transformed with bait and prey constructs as indicated were sequentially diluted 10-fold and plated on synthetic dextrose (SD) medium without Trp, Leu and His amino acids (SD-LTH) and with 0 mM or 40 mM 3-amino-1,2,4,-triazole (3AT), respectively. Yeast cells that either grew in the presence of 40 mM 3AT or were stained blue by X-gal indicate an interaction. <b>(B)</b> Immunoblot detection of GFP-tagged OsDRP1E and E409V expressed in <i>N</i>. <i>benthamiana</i> using Blue Native-PAGE (upper panel) and SDS-PAGE (bottom panel). Blue Native-PAGE followed by immunoblot analysis was used to detect the oligomerization of OsDRP1E-GFP and E409V-GFP. SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of OsDRP1E-GFP and E409V-GFP.</p

    Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of mitochondrial structure in DJ and <i>dj-lm</i> plants.

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    <p>Y: Young leaves from four-week-old plants. O: Old leaves from eight-week-old plants. F and S represent the first and the second leaf from the top. Arrow indicates bubble-like cristae. CP, chloroplast; M, mitochondria; N, nucleus; P, peroxisome. Bar = 0.5 μm.</p
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