Understanding the Role and Challenges of ELL Departments at Public Schools: An inquiry from pre-service teachers’ perspectives

Number of English Language Learners (ELLs) at U.S. public schools is increasing each year, and putting more and more mainstream teachers in need of teaching to this student group. ELLs are a vulnerable group with low academic success level and high drop-out rate. Preparing in-service and pre-service teachers to teach these students is crucial since ELLs need special accommodations and scaffolding to be more successful academically. In addition, research on mainstream teachers and ELL students have uncovered that mainstream teachers may have some wrong and unwelcoming perceptions of ELLs. This study investigates how taking a class on ELL education affects the pre-service teachers’ perceptions of this student group. In addition, this study reveals some of the most common challenges ELL teachers come across at public schools. The results uncovers that taking even only one class on ELL education changes pre-service teachers’ perceptions of ELLs positively. At the end of the paper, some pedagogical implications for preparing pre-service teachers to teach ELLs are given

HFE H63D mutation frequency shows an increase in Turkish women with breast cancer

BACKGROUND: The hereditary hemochromatosis gene HFE plays a pivotal role in iron homeostasis. The association between cancer and HFE hetero- or homozygosity has previously been shown including hepatocellular and nonhepatocellular malignancies. This study was performed to compare frequencies of HFE C282Y and H63D variants in Turkish women with breast cancer and healthy controls. METHODS: Archived DNA samples of Hacettepe University Oncology Institute were used in this study. The HFE gene was investigated by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: All subjects studied were free from C282Y mutation. Thirty-nine patients had H63D mutation and were all heterozygous. H63D allele frequency was 22.2% (39/176) in the breast cancer patients, and 14% (28/200) in the healthy volunteers. Statistical analysis of cases with HFE H63D phenotype showed significant difference between breast cancer and healthy volunteers (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HFE H63D mutation frequencies were increased in the breast cancer patients in comparison to those in the general population. Also, odds ratios (odds ratio = 2.05) computed in this study suggest that H63D has a positive association with breast cancer

Genetic Modification of Plant Hormones Induced by Parasitic Nematodes, Virus, Viroid, Bacteria, and Phytoplasma in Plant Growing

Plant hormones, such as auxin, play crucial roles in many plant developmental processes, which is crosstalk with gibberellin and strigolactone. The roles of hormones may vary in the biosynthesis of metabolisms. During the pathogen attack, including plant-parasitic nematodes, viroid, phytoplasma, virus, and bacteria, plant hormones are involved in several plant processes. Ethylene (ET), salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) primarily regulate synergistically or antagonistically against pathogens. Those pathogens—nematodes, bacteria, viroid, phytoplasma, and viruses regulate several plant hormones for successful parasitism, influencing the phytohormone structure and modifying plant development. Several genes are related to plant hormones that are involved in pathogens parasitism. In this chapter, how pathogens affect plant hormones in plants growing are discussed

Host-Pathogen and Pest Interactions: Virus, Nematode, Viroid, Bacteria, and Pests in Tomato Cultivation

Several pathogens and pests damage tomato plants, and only one and/or more pathogens and pests can coexist in the same plant at the same time. As several numerous pathogens are found in the same plant, the damage to the tomato plants is higher. Pathogens such as nematodes, viruses, viroids, bacteria, and insects adversely affect the growth and development of tomato plants. They may infect roots or upper part of the plant and can cause not only slow down the growth of plants, but also crop losses and their death. Damaging of plant caused by pathogens and pests reduces the market value of plant products. Those pathogens and pests are also called biotic stress agents. The damage, mode of infection, and the mechanism of infection in each tomato plant and pathogens might be different. This situation is crucially important to understand plant pathogen relationship in detail in terms of controlling pests and pathogen. The effect of each pest/pathogen on tomato plants during the cultivation, the type of damage, and new developments and perspectives on morphological and molecular aspects in tomato-pathogen interactions will be discussed in this chapter

Pests, Diseases, Nematodes, and Weeds Management on Strawberries

Strawberry is an important crop for many features, including being rich in vitamins and minerals. In addition to fresh consumption, it has been appealing to a wide range of consumers in recent years. Its cultivation is in flat areas, slopes, and areas where other crops are limited. Many pests and diseases that are the main biotic stress factors cause significant crop losses in strawberry cultivation. The aim of this chapter is to reveal biotic stress factors and their management. Several plant-parasitic nematodes, fungal diseases, weeds, pests, virus diseases, and bacterial diseases are the main biotic stress factors in plant growing and fruit ripening. The preparation of this book chapter is based on previously published sources and researches and manuscripts. In this section, it is aimed to provide readers with new perspectives in terms of collecting data on nematodes, diseases, pests, weeds, and fruit ripening of strawberry plants. The effect and mechanism of those biotic stress factors on strawberry growing are discussed and revealed in this chapter

Preparing to teach English language learners : exploring the change in mainstream teachers' perceptions of ELL students in two online certification courses

"May 2014."Dissertation supervisor/advisor: Dr. Roy F. Fox.Includes vita.[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] The purpose of this study is to understand the role of two online certification courses in changing mainstream teachers' perceptions of ELL students. The discussion board posts, lesson plans and other coursework of the twelve participants were collected for two academic semesters and the participants were interviewed after they graduated from the certification program. In this study, using socio-constructivist theory and situated learning theory as my main theoretical frameworks, I examined the following four areas: 1) changes in mainstream teachers' perceptions of ELL students, 2) changes in mainstream teachers' teaching practices of ELL students, 3) challenges of mainstream teachers in teaching to ELLs, and 4) role of online discussion in mainstream teachers' perception and teaching method changes. By using case study and content analysis methods, multiple sources of data were analyzed. The findings revealed that mainstream teachers changed their perception of ELLs and teaching methods, and discussion board posts had a great role in bringing about these changes. Mainstream teachers used discussion board as a platform to share their challenges, understandings and questions related to ELL education. This study also makes some pedagogical recommendations on online ELL teacher education course design and teaching.Includes bibliographical references (pages 220-232)

Wwox And Ap2 Gamma Expression Levels Predict Tamoxifen Response

Purpose: Assessment of expression levels of Wwox, Wwox- interacting proteins Ap2 alpha, Ap2 gamma, and ErbB4, the Ap2 gamma transcriptional target protein Her2, and the possible Ap2 alpha transcriptional target Prka Rl alpha, in breast cancers, to determine their roles in tamoxifen resistance. The hypothesis was that sequestration of Wwox interactors in the cytoplasm might control tamoxifen response. Experimental Design: Tissue sections from 51 tamoxifen-sensitive and 38 tamoxifen-resistant, estrogen receptor alpha-positive breast cancers were stained for the above proteins, as well as progesterone receptor (PR). The relation of tamoxifen resistance and other clinical features, with level of expression of these proteins, and pairwise correlations among various immunohistochemical markers were determined. Results: Menopausal status, tumor, node, and stage, loss of PR, lost or reduced expression of Wwox, and high level of expression of PrkaRl alpha, Ap2 gamma, and Her2 were significantly correlated with tamoxifen resistance. In multivariate analysis,Wwox, Prka Rla, Ap2 gamma, and ErbB4 were found to be independent markers of tamoxifen resistance. Reduced Wwox expression was better than PR in prediction of resistance, especially in high-risk patients, and nuclear Ap2 gamma expression was better than Her2, especially in low-risk patients. Conclusion: The results illustrate the complex relationships among the marker proteins assessed in this in vivo study and suggest new markers for prediction of response to tamoxifen treatment as well as possible new targets for treatment of breast cancer. Wwox and Ap2 gamma emerge as new biomarkers that may be superior to PR and Her2 in predicting tamoxifen response.WoSScopu