Economic position and occupational segregation in the 1990s: A comparison of the ONS Longitudinal Study and the 1958 National Child Development Study

This paper has two aims. The first is to examine the comparability of the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study, known as the National Child Development Study (NCDS) and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Longitudinal Study (LS), in terms of the information they provide about the employment profile of their respective samples.The second aim is to describe changes in occupational segregation in England and Wales in the decade between 1991 and 2000/2001. By using the longitudinal data contained in both the NCDS and the LS it is possible to examine not only the aggregate changes in occupational segregation, but also individual transitions between different types of occupations characterised according to the percentage of women working within the occupation

Computing decomposable multigroup indices of segregation

Existen ocho índices de segregación multigrupo que son descomponibles en dos partes que miden la segregación que pueda haber 1) "entre" y 2) "dentro" de ciertas grupos o unidades. Estos ocho índices consisten en dos versiones de 1) el índice de información mutua, 2) el índice simétrico de Atkinson, 3) el índice de diversidad relativa y 4) el índice H de Theil. En este artículo, presentamos el comando dseg, con el que calcular todos. Contribuye al conjunto de comandos de segregación en Stata al 1) realizar la descomposición, 2) proporcionar los pesos e índices locales utilizados en el cálculo del término "dentro", 3) facilitar la implementación de las propiedades de descomposición de los ocho índices en escenarios complejos que requieren soluciones personalizadas, y 4) complementar los datos muestrales con pruebas de bootstrap y aleatorización aproximada. Ilustramos el uso de dseg analizando datos del censo de 2017 de las escuelas públicas de los Estados Unidos para medir la segregación racial en estas. Los principales resultados son: (1) la mayor parte de la segregación racial en las escuelas no se debe a estas en sí sino a la segregación racial entre estados y distritos. (2) Sólo alrededor de la mitad de la segregación escolar se debe a la separación entre estudiantes blancos y estudiantes de minorías raciales; la otra mitad se origina entre las distintas minorías (asiáticos, hispanos, negros, etc.).We also acknowledge the financial support of Spain’s Ministry of Science (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, project number PID2019-108576RB-I00)

The joint effect of ethnicity and gender on occupational segregation : an approach based on the Mutual Information Index

This article studies the effects of gender and ethnicity on occupational segregation. The traditional approach to this topic measures the two sources of segregation separately. In contrast, we measure the joint effect of gender and ethnicity by applying a multigroup segregation index–the Mutual Information or M index–to the product of the two genders and seven ethnic groups distinguished in our census data for England and Wales in 2001. We exploit M's strong group decomposability property to consistently pose the following two questions: (i) How much does each source contribute to occupational segregation, controlling for the effect of the other? (ii) Is the combined impact of gender and ethnicity greater than, equal to, or smaller than the sum of their individual effects? The main empirical findings are the following two. First, we confirm previous results showing the greater importance of gender over ethnicity as a source of occupational segregation. However, we find that ethnicity contributes 13.5 percent of overall segregation in geographical areas where minorities concentrate. Second, contrary to intersectionality theories, we find that there is a small, “dwindling” interaction effect between the two sources of segregation: ethnicity slightly weakens the segregative power of gender, and vice versa.Guinea-Martin acknowledges funding from the Economic and Social Research Council of the United Kingdom through grant RES-163-27-1003, and from the Spanish government through contract RYC-2008-03758, and grants CSO2008-03222 and CSO2011-30179-C02-02. Mora acknowledges financial help from the Spanish government through grant ECO2009-11165. Ruiz-Castillo acknowledges financial help from the Spanish government through grant SEJ2007-6743

Beyond occupation : the evolution of gender segregation over the life course

We argue that gender segregation stems from sources beyond occupation, the traditional domain of study: women and men differ not only in their occupational allocation but also in their time involvement in paid work, in their decisions to participate in the labor market at all and in their retirement age. We pool 21 Labour Force Surveys for the United Kingdom to measure and compare these various forms of segregation (occupational, temporal and economic) over the 1993-2013 period (n = 1,815,482). The analysis relies on the Strong Group Decomposability property of the Mutual Information index to add up all forms of segregation and to identify the evolution of segregation over the life course net of cohort and period effects. There are two main findings. First, over the life course, the evolution of gender segregation parallels the inverted U-shaped pattern of the employment rate. When workers are younger, measures of all concepts of segregation are small. Then, gender segregation increases due to a combination of economic and time-related components. After the prime childbearing years, gender segregation remains fairly stable for approximately 15 years, sustained by expanding occupational segregation; finally, in the later years, gender segregation decreases substantially. Second, gender segregation is consistently 20% higher than occupational segregation after the teenage years. However, as much as 44% of gender segregation at age 35 and 52% at age 64 would remain even if occupations were completely desegregated. These ages correspond to two key stages in the life course: career and family building on the one hand and retirement on the other.The authors are grateful for financial support from the Spanish government’s National Program for Research. Daniel Guinea-Martin is supported by grant CSO2011–30179–C02–02; Ricardo Mora by grant ECO2015–65204–P; Javier Ruiz-Castillo by grant ECO2014–55953–P. Additionally, Guinea-Martin acknowledges financial support from the Spanish government and uned under contract RYC–2008–03758 and Mora and Ruiz-Castillo from the Department of Economics of the Universidad Carlos III through grant S2015/HUM–3444 and from the Maria de Maeztu program through grant MDM 2014–0431

A thirty-year prospective study of children in residential care in the 1970s

In this paper, we examine the 30-year outcomes of a random one percent sample of children residing in care homes in 1971 in a prospective study based on linked census and vital event data (deaths and live births) and we compare these outcomes with children not in care at that time

Effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI): a single-blind randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischaemic conditioning with transient ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). We investigated whether remote ischaemic conditioning could reduce the incidence of cardiac death and hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months. METHODS: We did an international investigator-initiated, prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled trial (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI) at 33 centres across the UK, Denmark, Spain, and Serbia. Patients (age >18 years) with suspected STEMI and who were eligible for PPCI were randomly allocated (1:1, stratified by centre with a permuted block method) to receive standard treatment (including a sham simulated remote ischaemic conditioning intervention at UK sites only) or remote ischaemic conditioning treatment (intermittent ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm through four cycles of 5-min inflation and 5-min deflation of an automated cuff device) before PPCI. Investigators responsible for data collection and outcome assessment were masked to treatment allocation. The primary combined endpoint was cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02342522) and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Nov 6, 2013, and March 31, 2018, 5401 patients were randomly allocated to either the control group (n=2701) or the remote ischaemic conditioning group (n=2700). After exclusion of patients upon hospital arrival or loss to follow-up, 2569 patients in the control group and 2546 in the intervention group were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. At 12 months post-PPCI, the Kaplan-Meier-estimated frequencies of cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure (the primary endpoint) were 220 (8·6%) patients in the control group and 239 (9·4%) in the remote ischaemic conditioning group (hazard ratio 1·10 [95% CI 0·91-1·32], p=0·32 for intervention versus control). No important unexpected adverse events or side effects of remote ischaemic conditioning were observed. INTERPRETATION: Remote ischaemic conditioning does not improve clinical outcomes (cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure) at 12 months in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation, University College London Hospitals/University College London Biomedical Research Centre, Danish Innovation Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, TrygFonden

Computing decomposable multigroup indexes of segregation

There are seven multigroup segregation indexes that are decomposable:the mutual information index, and two versions of the symmetric Atkinson, the relative diversity, and Theil's H indexes. In this article we present the Stata command dseg for obtaining all of them. It contributes to the stock of segregation commands in Stata by (1) implementing in a single call the decomposition of multigroup indexes into a between and a within term; (2) providing the weights and local indexes employed in the computation of the within term; (3) facilitating the deployment of the decomposability properties of the four indexes in complex scenarios that demand tailor-made solutions; and (4) leveraging sample data with bootstrapping and approximate randomization tests. We analyze 2017 census data of American public schools to illustrate the use of dseg. The subject topic is school racial segregation

Morals and gifts : varieties of care provision to the poor in an Italian city (1999-2001)

Defence date: 16 December 2005Examining board: Prof. Gianfranco Poggi, University of Trent and former EUI, Supervisor ; Prof. Peter Wagner, EUI, Co-supervisor ; Prof. Miriam Glucksmann, University of Essex ; Prof. Luisa Leonini, University of MilanPDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 201

Computing decomposable multigroup indices of segregation

Eight multigroup segregation indices are decomposable into a between and a within term. They are two versions of 1) the mutual information index, 2) the symmetric Atkinson index, 3) the relative diversity index, and 4) Theil’s H index. In this article, we present the command dseg, which obtains all of them. It contributes to the stock of segregation commands in Stata by 1) implementing the decomposition in a single call, 2) providing the weights and local indices used in the computation of the within term, 3) facilitating the deployment of the decomposability properties of the eight indices in complex scenarios that demand tailor-made solutions, and 4) leveraging sample data with bootstrapping and approximate randomization tests. We analyze 2017 census data of public schools in the United States to illustrate the use of dseg. The subject topic is school racial segregation