Regional Income Distribution in Portugal

The structural evolution of the European economy has shown a real convergence between countries and divergence between regions (Mateus et al., 2000), so the economic and social cohesion, namely the approach of the various territories in terms of standard of living is assumed like a primary objective of economic policy. Concerns about inequality in income distribution have gained importance, encouraging the various studies that address specially inequality among individuals [see the studies of Rodrigues (1994, 1999 and 2008)]. Our research aims to address the problem of inequality in income distribution from a different perspective and we want to answer questions like if geography influences the pattern of inequality, or if the Portuguese’s standard of living depends on the place of residence, and finally, if the spatial units that make up the Portuguese territory have been converging in terms of income in the process of growth. The aim of this paper (which emerges from my PhD Thesis) is to study the regional income differences among the regions and municipalities of Portugal. Our individuals are the territorial units. We intend to evaluate convergence or divergence in income growth using a static analysis, with conventional measures and other indicators, being aware the regional differences in economic performance. To meet the objectives set out, after the introduction, we present some considerations concerning the recent developments in the Portuguese economy, from a regional perspective, which represent the framework of socio-economic conditions that can justify the results in terms of inequality and convergence between the territorial units. Then, after a brief literature review and an analysis of income distribution among municipalities and among the NUTS III of Portugal, we present some inequality measures applied to municipalities’ monthly average wage for the period 1991-2002. Finally, we conclude with a synthesis of results and possible future developments in the context of this work. We find a growing inequality between regional incomes over the period 1990-2006. In our view, the distribution of earnings reflects only the actual distribution of economic activity in Portugal, particularly concentrated in the coastal and metropolitan areas of Lisboa and Porto. The economic specialization and level of education among the population of each territorial unit are also, of course, crucial for this asymmetry on earnings

Stressing the Boundaries of Mobile Accessibility

Mobile devices gather the communication capabilities as no other gadget. Plus, they now comprise a wider set of applications while still maintaining reduced size and weight. They have started to include accessibility features that enable the inclusion of disabled people. However, these inclusive efforts still fall short considering the possibilities of such devices. This is mainly due to the lack of interoperability and extensibility of current mobile operating systems (OS). In this paper, we present a case study of a multi-impaired person where access to basic mobile applications was provided in an applicational basis. We outline the main flaws in current mobile OS and suggest how these could further empower developers to provide accessibility components. These could then be compounded to provide system-wide inclusion to a wider range of (multi)-impairments.Comment: 3 pages, two figures, ACM CHI 2013 Mobile Accessibility Worksho

Free Access to Primary Data Should Be a Right

Few things are as important for development as the availability of data and unfettered access. Without data there can be no needs assessment. It will scarcely be possible to design effective policies or to implement, monitor and evaluate them. Data are not important only for governments. Democracy implies transparency of government actions and the accountability of governments to society. The availability of data from reliable sources is a step towards these goals. (...)Free Access to Primary Data Should Be a Right

Understanding the Election Results in Portugal, A spatial econometrics point of view

The great majority of the theoretical analysis about electoral cycles has considered the national space as the territory of interest for the study of the economic consequences of an electoralist behaviour by the central government. This fact, in conjunction to the nature of the data most commonly available, has lead many authors to empirical studies which, by the use of more or less sophisticated econometric echniques, intend to verify the empirical evidence of electoral cycles whether in their political versions or in their partisan versions. Given that the election results for the main parties, at least for Portugal, clearly reflect some spatial localization we find rather intriguing to verify that so very few of those empirical studies use spatial econometrics techniques. This being said, the main objective of the paper is to analyse the results corresponding to the last legislative election that took place in Portugal, from the partisan viewpoint, by the use of well-known techniques of spatial econometrics. The confrontation of the results with the ones obtained ignoring the spatial localization of the data will lead us to the nature and extent of the improvement on the results obtained by spatial econometrics techniques in what concerns the detection of empirical evidence supporting the existence of a link between voters’ ideology and the election results obtained by the two main parties in Portugal

Investigation of the effects of weight loss on Ovis aries muscle: a proteomic study on three breeds with different levels of adaptation to nutritional stress

Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia Celular e Biotecnologia). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2011Nos trópicos, a produção animal em regime extensivo enfrenta grandes obstáculos, talvez o maior dos quais é a perda de peso sazonal, devida à época seca existente nos países tropicais com uma pluviosidade muito baixa ou até mesmo inexistente. Em muitos países tropicais, a produção animal foca-se sobretudo na ovelha e, principalmente nos sistemas tradicionais, recorre ao uso de espécies nativas pois estas, duma forma geral, apresentam maior resistência às condições ambientais comparativamente com as espécies seleccionadas. Factores importantes para a escolha das espécies nativas sobre as seleccionadas são a tolerância a longos períodos sem alimento nem água, às altas temperaturas e a insectos causadores de doenças, como por exemplo a miíase – designação geral para doença parasitária causada pela larva de moscas ou outros dípteros. A escassez de alimento leva a que o animal perca peso, podendo atingir uma diminuição de peso na ordem de 40% em ovelhas. É evidente a necessidade para desenvolvimentos nas áreas da produção animal para evitar as quebras na produção e rendimento. Na Austrália, uma medida para reduzir essa diminuição de produção passa pelo progressivo abandono das raças e sistemas de produção tradicionais e pela adopção de raças ‘alternativas’. Um típico exemplo é a passagem de sistemas de produção de lã para sistemas de produção de carne. Os sistemas de produção de lã, normalmente com apenas a raça Merino, estão numa tendência de abandono, devido principalmente aos custos elevados de manutenção e mão-de-obra bem como à diminuição do valor da lã nos mercados internacionais. Sistemas de produção de lã baseados em Merino passam a ser sistemas de produção de carne com raças de pêlo, como por exemplo as raças Dorper e Damara, as raças ‘alternativas’ mais importantes na Austrália. Estas três raças apresentam diferenças ao nível da tolerância à escassez de alimento: a Merino, sendo uma raça oriunda de selecção, apresenta o nível mais baixo de tolerância; a Dorper apresenta o nível de tolerância intermédio; a Damara é a raça mais tolerante, das três, à escassez de alimento. Dado que a escassez de alimento conduzirá eventualmente à perda de peso, a perda de peso deve-se essencialmente pela utilização das reservas energéticas do corpo do animal: primeiro há consumo do tecido adiposo com reduzido consumo proteico, seguindo-se um aumento da degradação das proteínas, é de esperar que haja diferenças na expressão das proteínas entre um animal bem alimentado e outro em perda de peso (subalimentado). Assim, este trabalho pretende identificar essas proteínas cuja expressão varia entre condições de favoráveis e desfavoráveis ao ganho de peso. Para tal recorreu-se à técnica de Electroforese Bidimensional usando 6 grupos experimentais, grupo de controlo e grupo com subnutrição para cada uma das três raças, com quatro réplicas biológicas, amostras de quatro animais diferentes por grupo experimental. Obtiveram-se assim 24 géis, com um total de 1228 spots, dos quais apenas 22 eram estatisticamente significativos (p<0.05) e tinham um poder de pelo menos 0,8. Todos os 22 spots foram seleccionados para identificação, em que 16 foram identificados com sucesso. Estas 16 proteínas distribuem-se, de acordo com a sua função, por proteínas do metabolismo (23%), proteínas estruturais (18%) e proteínas do aparelho contráctil (32%).In tropical countries, extensive ruminant production faces several constraints, of which the most important is seasonal weight loss, which is caused by a dry season with very low rain levels or no rain at all. In the majority of these countries, the animal most used for production is sheep, namely indigenous breeds, as these breeds can, generally speaking, endure harsher environment conditions than selected breeds. Being able to better tolerate lack of food and water is a very important feature an animal should have regarding extensive production systems. In Australia, currently, the sheep industry is mainly focused on the Merino breed. This breed, introduced in Australia by the Europeans and a derivative from the European breed, i.e. a selected breed, is wool breed and as such is mainly used for wool production, with very few animals being used for meat. This, however, creates a problem for these industries: with the decrease in price of wool and the increase of labour costs, it is becoming less and less economically viable to produce Merino for wool. Because of this, increasing number of producers are looking for alternative breeds that can better withstand the lack of food and tolerate some diseases that affect greatly Merino sheep. Two breeds are standing out due to their ability to withstand prolonged undernutrition: the Damara and the Dorper. These two breeds have high and intermediate tolerance to undernutrition, respectively, while the Merino have very low tolerance to undernutrition. If the undernutrition, and the associated weight loss, is long enough, there will be protein break down in response to the need for energy to maintain the animal’s metabolism. In regard to the interested in selecting traits like weight loss resistance for increased animal production rates, this work aims at providing information about protein markers which may be used to access tolerance to undernutrition and be used as a tool to better select the desired traits in the animals. A proteomic approach of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis was used to compare gastrocnemius muscle protein expression patterns between six experimental groups: three sheep breeds (Damara, Dorper and Australian Merino) grouped in a control (not feed restricted) and a feed restricted group; samples from four animals for each group were used. A total of 24 gels was obtained. After staining and analysis, 22 spots were detected as significantly (p<0.05) different and with a power of at least 0.8. All spots were selected for identification, 16 were successfully identified, with the identified proteins ranging from structural, metabolic and contractile apparatus roles

Can we Accurately Project MDG Indicators?

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are global, in the sense that they are to be reached by the whole world, not by countries individually. True commitment to MDGs has led many to ask the questions: will my country reach all or some of the MDG targets by 2015? Are we on track? (...)Can we Accurately Project MDG Indicators?

Regional income convergence in Portugal (1991-2012)

Our research aims to address the problem of inequality in income distribution from a different perspective than the usual. We intend to verify if geography influences the pattern of inequality, that is, if the standard of living varies from region to region and if, in the process of growth, spatial units in Portugal have been converging in terms of most relevant variables, such as income. We search the answers to these questions by introducing the treatment of convergence between smaller territorial units, the municipalities as individuals. We intend to evaluate convergence or divergence in income growth and test empirically the theoretical hypothesis that β-convergence, although necessary, is not a sufficient condition for σ-convergence. To study convergence, we use information about GDP and wages for NUTS III regions, and wages for municipalities. We observe spatial dependence between municipalities, so we estimate spatial econometric models to test convergence. With regard to conditional convergence between municipalities, the model most appropriate is the one which includes in the explanatory variables the weight of primary sector employment, leading us to conclude that this variable distinguishes the "steady state" of the small economies. Variables like the activity rate and percentage of active population with higher education also reveal highly significant on the growth of wages, reflecting the different contexts of the labor market at regional level

Nature-based tourism in the Algarve: a fact or a myth?

The Algarve is a mature destination in the south of Portugal and is mainly well-known for its offerings of sun and sea. In addition to strong seasonal changes, the region also faces strong competition from other nearby destinations, which has affected its ability to better attract tourists. Regional stakeholders have recognized the need to diversify the tourist experience, and a strong effort has been dedicated to the development of complementary tourist products, with special attention to eco-tourism. The present study uses data from a survey of tourists who visited the Algarve in December 2010 (low season) to determine the extent to which tourists visiting the region would actively search for nature-related activities, and the profile of these individuals. In particular, the study aims to understand whether these tourists share environmentally friendly values or, instead, have chosen the Algarve based on its attributes of traditional appealing climatic conditions and beaches. Depending on whether nature-based tourism in the Algarve is a fact or a myth, strategies for repositioning the destination can be adapted, new tourist products can be proposed and communication campaigns may need to be rethought.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

On price convergence in Eurozone

We investigate price level convergence with Germany in eleven countries belonging to the Eurozone between January 1970 and July 2011. Relying on smooth transition regression models, we show that the price convergence process is nonlinear, depending on the size of the price differential: for most countries, price convergence occurs only when price differentials with Germany exceed a certain threshold. Moreover, our findings put forward some heterogeneity across the Eurozone members in terms of price convergence speed, that can be explained by the evolution of price-competitiveness, rigidities in labor markets, but also by specialization patterns.price convergence, Eurozone, smooth transition regression models, half-life

The revaluation of patrimony by the sustainable action of tourism

It is the aim of the present paper firstly to provide a theoretical frame which enables us to characterize the development of tourism, highlighting the application of the concept of sustained development, and the role played by tourism in the development of rural areas. Aimed as an example and focussing this analysis on the cultural patrimony as a tourist resource, the paper also intends to present the intervention carried out in Cabeço de Vide’s railway station, both as far as the buildings and the green areas are concerned, so as to transform it into a tourist resort, seeking to achieve an adjusted, adequate and agreed integration of the tourist activity.