General characteristics.

<p>General characteristics.</p

Factors affecting blood lead levels (Logistic regression analysis).

<p>Factors affecting blood lead levels (Logistic regression analysis).</p

Data_Sheet_1_Association between type 2 inflammatory diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders in low-birth-weight children and adolescents.docx

BackgroundEvidence of the association of certain neurodevelopmental disorder with specific type 2 inflammatory (T2) disease has been found. However, the association of various neurodevelopmental disorders with T2 diseases as a whole remains unclear in low-birth-weight (LBW) infants.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of type 2 inflammatory (T2) diseases with intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning disability (LD) in LBW children and adolescents.MethodsThe study sample was derived from 2005 to 2018 National Health Interview Survey sample child files. LBW children and adolescents aged 3–17 were included. History of T2 diseases (including asthma and atopic dermatitis) and four neurodevelopmental disorders were reported by adults in families. The relationship between T2 diseases and the risk of four neurodevelopmental disorders was investigated through multiple-weighted logistic regression. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, region, highest education in family and ratio of family income to the poverty threshold were adjusted as covariates for model estimation. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age stratification (3–11 and 12–17 years), sex (male and female), and race (white and non-white).Results11,260 LBW children aged 3–17 years [mean age (SE), 9.73 (0.05) years] were included, in which 3,191 children had T2 diseases. History of T2 diseases was associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, with an OR of 1.35 (95% CI, 0.99–1.84) for ID, 1.47 (95% CI, 1.05–2.05) for ASD, 1.81 (95% CI, 1.51–2.16) for ADHD, and 1.74 (95% CI, 1.49–2.04) for LD following the adjustment of all the covariates. The correlations between T2 disorders and each of the four neurodevelopmental disorders were significantly different by sex and race (all P for interaction 0.05).ConclusionIn a nationally representative sample of children, we found a significant association of T2 diseases with ASD, ADHD, and LD, even after adjusting for demographic baseline. We also found that the association of T2 disease with neurodevelopmental disorders differed between sex and race. Further investigation is needed to evaluate causal relationships and elucidate their potential mechanisms.</p

Difference in lead level by districts (µg/L).

a<p>the blood lead level of 1997 is higher than now, p<0.001;</p><p>Difference in lead level by districts (µg/L).</p

Table_2_Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Pediatric Telemedicine Services in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.docx

Background: Pediatrician workforce shortages have aroused great attention from health authorities in China. Telemedicine services have been known to enhance the management of children's health, yet the rate of adoption and usage in Chinese hospitals still at a quite low level, and the factors influencing the acceptance of telemedicine services remains unclear.Objective: The purpose of this empirical study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a technology acceptance measurement instrument applied in healthcare, to investigate the perception of telemedicine services on the provider-side and demand-side, and to determine the factors that may drive individuals to adopt telemedicine services.Methods: A cross-sectional survey study based at Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, was conducted in March 2020. A total of 456 valid responses were obtained by convenience sampling. The internal consistency of items was assessed by Cronbach's alpha (α), composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) to evaluate both the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to test and verify the interrelationships among relevant variables.Results: Price value is the strongest predictor (β = 0.30, p = 0.02), facilitating conditions (β = 0.28, p = 0.01) and hedonic motivation (β = 0.13, p = 0.04) also have significantly positive direct effects on telemedicine acceptance. The results showed the perception of child patients' families were significantly more acceptable to telemedicine services than pediatricians (t = −2.99, p Conclusion: Telemedicine will likely continue to have an integral role in pediatric health care delivery, and the findings can assist policy makers and hospital administrators in determining the more valued characteristics of telemedicine services from a behavioral perspective. Future attention will be paid to the pricing, training and service quality of telemedicine in China.</p

<b>Figure 1</b> showed that the blood lead level of this survey was significantly lower than the blood lead level of 1997.

<p>This survey showed that the Chongming district was the highest and Yangpu district was the lowest. 1997's survey showed that Yangpu district was the highest among all the five districts, and the Chongming district was the lowest.</p

Difference in lead level by ages (µg/L).

a<p>the age of 1 to 3-year-old is higher than 0 to 1-year-old, p<0.001;</p>b<p>the age of 3 to 6-year-old is higher than 1 to 3-year-old, p<0.001.</p><p>Difference in lead level by ages (µg/L).</p

Difference in lead level by gender (µg/L).

a<p>boys are higher than girls, p<0.001;</p><p>Difference in lead level by gender (µg/L).</p

Data_Sheet_1_Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Pediatric Telemedicine Services in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.docx

Background: Pediatrician workforce shortages have aroused great attention from health authorities in China. Telemedicine services have been known to enhance the management of children's health, yet the rate of adoption and usage in Chinese hospitals still at a quite low level, and the factors influencing the acceptance of telemedicine services remains unclear.Objective: The purpose of this empirical study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a technology acceptance measurement instrument applied in healthcare, to investigate the perception of telemedicine services on the provider-side and demand-side, and to determine the factors that may drive individuals to adopt telemedicine services.Methods: A cross-sectional survey study based at Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, was conducted in March 2020. A total of 456 valid responses were obtained by convenience sampling. The internal consistency of items was assessed by Cronbach's alpha (α), composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) to evaluate both the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to test and verify the interrelationships among relevant variables.Results: Price value is the strongest predictor (β = 0.30, p = 0.02), facilitating conditions (β = 0.28, p = 0.01) and hedonic motivation (β = 0.13, p = 0.04) also have significantly positive direct effects on telemedicine acceptance. The results showed the perception of child patients' families were significantly more acceptable to telemedicine services than pediatricians (t = −2.99, p Conclusion: Telemedicine will likely continue to have an integral role in pediatric health care delivery, and the findings can assist policy makers and hospital administrators in determining the more valued characteristics of telemedicine services from a behavioral perspective. Future attention will be paid to the pricing, training and service quality of telemedicine in China.</p

Additional file 1: of Analysis of economic burden and its associated factors of twenty-three rare diseases in Shanghai

Table S1. The list of major rare diseases in Shanghai. Table S2 Composition of direct medical cost. Table S3. Sample size and mean cost of 34 rare diseases in Shanghai, China. Table S4. Payment types and coverage options for medical treatment in Shanghai, China. (DOCX 36 kb