In-situ analysis of optically thick nanoparticle clouds

Nanoparticles grown in reactive plasmas and nanodusty plasmas gain high interest from basic science and technology. One of the great challenges of nanodusty plasmas is the in-situ diagnostic of the nanoparticle size and refractive index. The analysis of scattered light by means of the Mie solution of the Maxwell equations was proposed and used as an in-situ size diagnostic during the past two decades. Today, imaging ellipsometry techniques and the investigation of dense, i. e. optically thick nanoparticle clouds demand for analysis methods to take multiple scattering into account. We present the first 3D Monte-Carlo polarized radiative transfer simulations of the scattered light in a dense nanodusty plasma. This technique extends the existing diagnostic methods for the in-situ analysis of the properties of nanoparticles to systems where multiple scattering can not be neglected.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Ambient new particle formation parameter indicates potential rise in future events

Atmospheric new particle formation is a general phenomenon observed over coniferous forests. So far nucleation is described as a function of gaseous sulfuric acid concentration only, which is unable to explain the observed seasonality of nucleation events at different measurement sites. Here we introduce a new nucleation parameter including ozone and water vapor concentrations as well as UV-B radiation as a proxy for OH radical formation. Applying this new parameter to field studies conducted at Finnish and German measurement sites it is found capable to predict the occurrence of nucleation events and their seasonal and annual variation indicating a significant role of organics. Extrapolation to possible future conditions of ozone, water vapor and organic concentrations leads to a significant potential increase in nucleation event number

A new parametrization for ambient particle formation over coniferous forests and its potential implications for the future

Atmospheric new particle formation is a general phenomenon observed over coniferous forests. So far nucleation is either parameterised as a function of gaseous sulphuric acid concentration only, which is unable to explain the observed seasonality of nucleation events at different measurement sites, or as a function of sulphuric acid and organic molecules. Here we introduce different nucleation parameters based on the interaction of sulphuric acid and terpene oxidation products and elucidate the individual importance. They include basic trace gas and meteorological measurements such as ozone and water vapour concentrations, temperature (for terpene emission) and UV B radiation as a proxy for OH radical formation. We apply these new parameters to field studies conducted at conducted at Finnish and German measurement sites and compare these to nucleation observations on a daily and annual scale. General agreement was found, although the specific compounds responsible for the nucleation process remain speculative. This can be interpreted as follows: During cooler seasons the emission of biogenic terpenes and the OH availability limits the new particle formation while towards warmer seasons the ratio of ozone and water vapour concentration seems to dominate the general behaviour. Therefore, organics seem to support ambient nucleation besides sulphuric acid or an OH-related compound. Using these nucleation parameters to extrapolate the current conditions to prognosed future concentrations of ozone, water vapour and organic concentrations leads to a significant potential increase in the nucleation event number

Bildgebende Mie-Ellipsometrie an nanostaubigen Plasmen

Das Wachstum von Nanopartikeln in einem reaktiven Argon-Acetylen-Plasma ist ein herausforderndes Gebiet der Plasmaphysik. Mit solchen Prozessen werden Partikel über einen weiten Größenbereich, von einigen zehn bis mehreren hundert Nanometern, erzeugt. Aufgrund der besonderen Bedingungen in der Plasmaumgebung sind die so entstandenen Nanopartikel sphärisch und monodispers. Die Partikel können leicht Anzahldichten in der Größenordnung von einigen Prozent der Ionendichte erreichen und haben infolgedessen substantiellen Einfluss auf das umgebende Plasma. Diese Wechselwirkung zwischen Nanostaub und Plasma führt zu einer Vielzahl interessanter Phänomene, z.B. Elektronenverarmung, staubfreie Voids, und selbst-erregte Staubdichtewellen. Für das Verständnis der nanostaubigen Plasmen müssen die beiden zentralen Schlüsselgrößen, Partikelgröße und Anzahldichte, genau bestimmt werden, idealerweise durch non-invasive In-situ-Methoden. Für die Bestimmung der Partikelgröße wird in dieser Arbeit eine stabile automatische Analysemethode mittels kinetischer Mie-Ellipsometrie vorgestellt. Die Methode ermöglicht die Bestimmung beliebiger zeitabhängiger Größenentwicklungen unter Annahme eines zeitlich konstanten Brechungsindex und wird entsprechend CRAS-Mie (Constant Refractive index – Arbitrary Size) genannt. Mit dieser neuen Methode werden erstmals nichtlineare Ätzprozesse in der Langzeitentwicklung von Nanostaubwolken beobachtet und in situ quantitativ beschrieben. Ergänzend wird mit Extinktionsmessungen in situ die Partikeldichte bestimmt, um durch Kombination beider Methoden die erzeugten Nanostaubwolken vollständig zu charakterisieren. Diese definierten Staubwolken sind essentiell für die Untersuchung dynamischer Phänomene mittels Staubdichtewellendiagnostik und Tomografie und fungieren darüber hinaus als Modellsystem zur Weiterentwicklung von Strahlungstransportsimulationen. Letztere legen, ausgehend von klassischer Mie-Theorie, den Grundstein für eine erweiterte Beschreibung von Lichtstreuung an kleinen Partikeln in optisch dicken Nanostaubwolken. Die Simulationen zeigen, dass stabil eingeschlossene Staubwolken das Regime erreichen können, in dem Mehrfachstreuung berücksichtigt werden muss. Ausgehend von der neuen CRAS-Mie-Methode wird eine neue Diagnostik zur bildgebenden Mie-Ellipsometrie vorgestellt. Diese ermöglicht, im Gegensatz zu bestehenden Methoden, vollständige 2D-Polarisationsmessungen und damit erstmals die Anwendung bildgebender in situ Mie-Ellipsometrie in inhomogenen Nanostaubwolken. Untersuchungen von zeitlich überlappenden Wachstumsprozessen ermöglichen so erstmals eine quantitative Bewertung des Einflusses der Elektronenverarmung und des Staubdrucks in solchen Systemen. Es wird gezeigt, dass Vielteilcheneffekte in der Kräftebilanz von Nanostaubwolken unbedingt berücksichtigt werden müssen. Darüber hinaus ermöglichen Untersuchungen der Void-Dynamik in Kombination mit der Partikelgröße und -dichte neue Hypothesen zur Dynamik der Wachstumsphasen in geschichtetem Partikelwachstum. Die Wachstumsdynamik der Wolke kann detailliert mit der Größenänderung des Voids in Verbindung gebracht werden. Dies ermöglicht zukünftig erweiterte Studien der plasmachemischen Vorgänge während des Wachstumsprozesses. Mit Abschluss dieser Arbeit steht eine vollständige Größen- und Dichtecharakterisierung nanostaubiger Plasmen zur Verfügung. Diese kann zukünftig in Kombination mit der Staubdichtewellendiagnostik genutzt werden, um die Aufladung von Staubpartikeln in elektronenverarmten, nanostaubigen Plasmen besser zu verstehen und mathematisch zu beschreiben

Reparatur neugotischer Wohnhäuser in Hannover

In Hanover, once the capital and residency of the electorate of Brunswick-Luneburg, Kingdom of Hanover and currently capital of the federal state Lower Saxony in Northern Germany, were developed urban quarters with high building density in historicistic style around the medieval city core till the end of the 19th century, in which a third of the Hanoverian inhabitants live today. While more than 50% of the flats were destroyed in World War II, still quarters exist which contain up to 70% pre-World War II houses. In these areas 650 objects have been built with brick facades in the medieval, neo-Gothic style (Gothic-Revival). About 30% of these have been positioned memorable as a house at the corner, opposite of a road junction or in front of large open areas. Yet, many have suffered severe damage from the 88 bombings of air-raids, which has lessened their architectonical and urbanistic value. Even though the majority of these 650 houses have been constructed not by architects but by master masons, the facades have high handcraft value. The main advantages are their long liveliness, the easy maintenance and the (almost) carefreeness. The neo-Gothic style in Hanover, also called "Hannoversche Architekturschule", has influenced architectonical elements design and characteristics of many northern German cities. It was introduced by the architect and professor Conrad Wilhelm Hase (1818-1902) and has already been object to intense research. The less sophisticated objects however have not yet been systematically analysed. Therefore, this paper will make an attempt at recreating these objects to their historic context. In a first step, photographs of the current state have been made. An intense study and comparison of all neo-Gothic objects within Hanover was performed as well as the choosing of reference houses. Special attention has been paid to repeating ornaments and other sophisticated elements of the facades. The lesson learned has been applied to all the chosen reference objects, leading to a sketch of the possible, original building. These sketches were value dated using historic photographs. The regular scheme of brick facades has helped to recreate proportions without taking detailed measurements. The recreated object can finally be brought back in the right historical context, which proves a high value to the city's overall architecture and townscape

Significant, but not biologically relevant: Nosema ceranae infections and winter losses of honey bee colonies

The Western honey bee Apis mellifera, which provides about 90% of commercial pollination, is under threat from diverse abiotic and biotic factors. The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor vectoring deformed wing virus (DWV) has been identified as the main biotic contributor to honey bee colony losses worldwide, while the role of the microsporidium Nosema ceranae is still controversially discussed. In an attempt to solve this controversy, we statistically analyzed a unique data set on honey bee colony health collected from a cohort of honey bee colonies over 15 years and comprising more than 3000 data sets on mite infestation levels, Nosema spp. infections, and winter losses. Multivariate statistical analysis confirms that V. destructor is the major cause of colony winter losses. Although N. ceranae infections are also statistically significantly correlated with colony losses, determination of the effect size reveals that N. ceranae infections are of no or low biological relevance

Impaired Insulin/IGF1 Signaling Extends Life Span by Promoting Mitochondrial L-Proline Catabolism to Induce a Transient ROS Signal

SummaryImpaired insulin and IGF-1 signaling (iIIS) in C. elegans daf-2 mutants extends life span more than 2-fold. Constitutively, iIIS increases mitochondrial activity and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. By contrast, acute impairment of daf-2 in adult C. elegans reduces glucose uptake and transiently increases ROS. Consistent with the concept of mitohormesis, this ROS signal causes an adaptive response by inducing ROS defense enzymes (SOD, catalase), culminating in ultimately reduced ROS levels despite increased mitochondrial activity. Inhibition of this ROS signal by antioxidants reduces iIIS-mediated longevity by up to 60%. Induction of the ROS signal requires AAK-2 (AMPK), while PMK-1 (p38) and SKN-1 (NRF-2) are needed for the retrograde response. IIIS upregulates mitochondrial L-proline catabolism, and impairment of the latter impairs the life span-extending capacity of iIIS while L-proline supplementation extends C. elegans life span. Taken together, iIIS promotes L-proline metabolism to generate a ROS signal for the adaptive induction of endogenous stress defense to extend life span

M-ATOLL: A Framework for the Lexicalization of Ontologies in Multiple Languages

Walter S, Unger C, Cimiano P. M-ATOLL: A Framework for the Lexicalization of Ontologies in Multiple Languages. In: Mika P, Tudorache T, Bernstein A, et al., eds. The Semantic Web – ISWC 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol 8796. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014: 472-486.Many tasks in which a system needs to mediate between natural language expressions and elements of a vocabulary in an ontology or dataset require knowledge about how the elements of the vocabulary (i.e. classes, properties, and individuals) are expressed in natural language. In a multilingual setting, such knowledge is needed for each of the supported languages. In this paper we present M-ATOLL, a framework for automatically inducing ontology lexica in multiple languages on the basis of a multilingual corpus. The framework exploits a set of language-specific dependency patterns which are formalized as SPARQL queries and run over a parsed corpus. We have instantiated the system for two languages: German and English. We evaluate it in terms of precision, recall and F-measure for English and German by comparing an automatically induced lexicon to manually constructed ontology lexica for DBpedia. In particular, we investigate the contribution of each single dependency pattern and perform an analysis of the impact of different parameters

The Vehicle, Fall 1987

Table of Contents Sketches in the SunRodger L. Patiencepage 3 Reflecting PoolRob Montgomerypage 5 Grandpa\u27s Porcelain DollRichard E. Hallpage 6 Tintype 1837Catherine Friemannpage 6 PhotographSteven M. Beamerpage 7 Washerwoman\u27s SongBob Zordanipage 8 Scrambled Eggs for D.O.Lynne A. Rafoolpage 8 my mother would sayMonica Grothpage 9 Retired by His ChildrenDan Von Holtenpage 10 I am the oldestMonica Grothpage 11 Ice on WheatRob Montgomerypage 12 The Nature of the RoseTroy Mayfieldpage 12 Past NebraskaDan Hornbostelpage 13 Five Minute Jamaican VacationChristy Dunphypage 14 PhotographSteven M. Beamerpage 14 The Angry PoemChristy Dunphypage 15 Road UnfamiliarChristy Dunphypage 15 raised voicesMonica Grothpage 16 Old Ladies & MiniskirtsKara Shannonpage 17 FreakspeakBob Zordanipage 18 PortraitDan Von Holtenpage 18 Mobile VacuumKathleen L. Fairfieldpage 19 Rev. Fermus DickSteve Hagemannpage 20 PhotographSteven M. Beamerpage 21 What\u27s the Name of That Flower?Richard Jesse Davispage 22 RequestChristy Dunphypage 23 SketchPaul Seabaughpage 24 ExperiencedMarilyn Wilsonpage 26 Leaving: Two ViewsTina Phillipspage 27 AntaeusDan Von Holtenpage 28 Misogyny at 19J. D. Finfrockpage 29 A Mental CrippleSteve Hagemannpage 32 AssociationsRhonda Ealypage 33 Banana BreadGail Bowerpage 34 Bill and JackBradford B. Autenpage 35 After Image No. 2Rob Montgomerypage 35 VrrooomBeth Goodmanpage 36 Mr. Modern LoverMolly Maddenpage 36 TravelogueRodger L. Patiencepage 37 Down the HighwayJoan Sebastianpage 38 A Retread HeavenRob Montgomerypage 41 StuporDan Von Holtenpage 42 Love Poem After a Seizure in Your BedBob Zordanipage 43 PalsyChristy Dunphypage 44 Interview with Mr. MatthewsBob Zordanipage 45 Chasing Down Hot Air Balloons on a Sunday MorningRob Montgomerypage 48https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1049/thumbnail.jp