Genetic Differentiation in a Sample from Northern Mexico City Detected by HLA System Analysis: Impact in the Study of Population Immunogenetics

The major histocompatibility complex is directly involved in the immune response and thus the genes coding for its proteins are useful markers for the study of genetic diversity, susceptibility to disease (autoimmunity and infections), transplant medicine, and pharmacogenetics, among others. The polymorphism of the system also allows researchers to use it as a proxy for population genetics analysis, such as genetic admixture and genetic structure. In order to determine the immunogenetic characteristics of a sample from the northern part of Mexico City and to use them to analyze the genetic differentiation from other admixed populations, including those from previous studies of Mexico City population, we analyzed molecular typing results of donors and patients from the Histocompatibility Laboratory of the Central Blood Bank of the Centro Médico Nacional La Raza selected according to their geographic origin. HLA-A, -B, -DRB1, and -DQB1 alleles were typed by PCR-SSP procedures. Allelic and haplotypic frequencies, as well as population genetics parameters, were obtained by maximum likelihood methods. The most frequent haplotypes found included HLA-A*02/-B*39/- DRB1*04/-DQB1*03:02P; HLA-A*02/-B*35/-DRB1*04/-DQB1*03:02P; HLA-A*68/-B*39/- DRB1*04/-DQB1*03:02P, and HLA-A*02/-B*35/-DRB1*08/-DQB1*04. Important to observe is that the second most frequent haplotype found in our sample (HLA-A*02/-B*35/-DRB1*04/- DQB1*03:02P) has not been previously reported in any mixed ancestry populations from Mexico but it is commonly encountered in Native American human groups, which can be a reflection on the impact of migration dynamics in the genetic conformation of the northern part of Mexico City, and the limitations of previous studies with regard to the genetic diversity of the analyzed groups. Differences found in haplotypic frequencies demonstrated that large urban conglomerates cannot be analyzed as one homogeneous entity, but rather should be understood as a set of structures in which social, political, and economical factors influence their genesis and dynamics

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume I Introduction to DUNE

International audienceThe preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE's physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology