Comparison of Different Modes of Morning Priming Exercise on Afternoon Performance

Purpose - To assess the effects of different modes of morning (AM) exercise on afternoon (PM) performance and salivary hormone responses in professional Rugby Union players. Methods - On four occasions (randomised, crossover design), fifteen professional rugby players provided AM (~08:00h) and PM (~14:00h) saliva samples before PM assessments of countermovement jump height, reaction time and repeated sprint ability. Control (passive rest), Weights (bench press: 5 x 10 repetitions, 75% one repetition-maximum, 90 s intra-set recovery), Cycling (6 x 6 s maximal sprint cycling, 7.5% body mass load, 54 s intra-set recovery) and Running (6 x 40 m maximal sprints, 20 s intra-set recovery) interventions preceded (~5h earlier) PM testing. Results - PM sprint performance improved (P0.15 ± 0.19 s, >2.04 ± 2.46%) and Running (>0.15 ± 0.17 s, >2.12 ± 2.22%), but not Cycling (P>0.05). PM jump height increased following Cycling (0.012 ± 0.009 m, 2.31 ± 1.76%, P<0.001) and Running (0.020 ± 0.009 m, 3.90 ± 1.79%, P<0.001), but not Weights (P=0.936). Reaction time remained unchanged between trials (P=0.379). Relative to Control (131 ± 21 pg·ml-1), PM testosterone was greater in Weights (+21 ± 23 pg·ml-1, +17 ± 18%, P=0.002) and Running (+28 ± 26·pg·ml-1, +22 ± 20%, P=0.001), but not Cycling (P=0.072). Salivary cortisol was unaffected by AM exercise (P=0.540). Conclusions - All modes of AM exercise improved at least one marker of PM performance but Running appeared the most beneficial to professional Rugby Union players. A rationale therefore exists for preceding PM competition with AM exercise

第二言語習得における日本語と韓国語の目的語を標示する格の学習困難度の研究 : 有標性と他動性によるアプローチ

Reduced physical performance has been observed following the half-time period in team sports players, likely due to a decrease in muscle temperature during this period. We examined the effects of a passive heat maintenance strategy employed between successive exercise bouts on core temperature (Tcore) and subsequent exercise performance. Eighteen professional Rugby Union players completed this randomised and counter-balanced study. After a standardised warm-up (WU) and 15 min of rest, players completed a repeated sprint test (RSSA 1) and countermovement jumps (CMJ). Thereafter, in normal training attire (Control) or a survival jacket (Passive), players rested for a further 15 min (simulating a typical half-time) before performing a second RSSA (RSSA 2) and CMJ’s. Measurements of Tcore were taken at baseline, post-WU, pre-RSSA 1, post-RSSA 1 and pre-RSSA 2. Peak power output (PPO) and repeated sprint ability was assessed before and after the simulated half-time. Similar Tcore responses were observed between conditions at baseline (Control: 37.06±0.05°C; Passive: 37.03±0.05°C) and for all other Tcore measurements taken before half-time. After the simulated half-time, the decline in Tcore was lower (-0.74±0.08% vs. -1.54±0.06%, p<0.001) and PPO was higher (5610±105 W vs. 5440±105 W, p<0.001) in the Passive versus Control condition. The decline in PPO over half-time was related to the decline in Tcore (r = 0.632, p = 0.005). In RSSA 2, best, mean and total sprint times were 1.39±0.17% (p<0.001), 0.55±0.06% (p<0.001) and 0.55±0.06% (p<0.001) faster for Passive versus Control. Passive heat maintenance reduced declines in Tcore that were observed during a simulated half-time period and improved subsequent PPO and repeated sprint ability in professional Rugby Union players

Post-warmup strategies to maintain body temperature and physical performance in professional rugby union players

We compared the effects of using passive-heat maintenance, explosive activity or a combination of both strategies during the post-warmup recovery time on physical performance. After a standardised warmup, 16 professional rugby union players, in a randomised design, completed a counter-movement jump (peak power output) before resting for 20 min and wearing normal-training attire (CON), wearing a passive heat maintenance (PHM) jacket, wearing normal attire and performing 3 × 5 CMJ (with a 20% body mass load) after 12 min of recovery (neuromuscular function, NMF), or combining PHM and NMF (COMB). After 20 min, participants completed further counter-movement jump and a repeated sprint protocol. Core temperature (Tcore) was measured at baseline, post-warmup and post-20 min. After 20 min of recovery, Tcore was significantly lower under CON and NMF, when compared with both PHM and COMB (P P P Tcore and can positively influence physical performance in professional rugby union players