Results of statistical modeling.

<p>All variables have a significant effect of the probability to observe <i>Aedes albopictus</i>. The interaction between the distance to colonized area and colonized area positive shows that probability of observing mosquito presence is higher in the middle of the colonized area than on its edges.</p><p>Results of statistical modeling.</p

Positive traps observed (A,B) and model predictions (C,D) for 2012.

<p>(A,C) First semester; (B,D) Second semester. Values range from probability of 0% to observe <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> (blue) to 100% (red).</p

Location and collection year of traps.

<p>Green, yellow, blue, red, orange are the traps collected in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 respectively.</p

Relationship between proportion of positive traps and distance to main colonized area (red line) and to area colonized sporadically (“jump”, blue line).

<p>The x-axis is in km. The gradual relationship shown on the red line suggests an invasive wave. Conversely, abrupt drop of the blue line suggests that such “jump” did not result so far in a new front of invasion. Curves have been fitted through loess algorithm.</p

Nanocavitation in Carbon Black Filled Styrene–Butadiene Rubber under Tension Detected by Real Time Small Angle X-ray Scattering

Nanocavitation was detected for the first time in carbon black filled styrene–butadiene rubber (CB-SBR) under uniaxial loading by real time small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) using synchrotron X-ray radiation. A three phase model was developed to calculate the void volume fraction from the scattering invariant <i>Q</i> determined from the observed SAXS patterns. The normalized scattering invariant <i>Q</i>/<i>Q</i>₀, where <i>Q</i>₀ is the invariant before deformation, greatly increased above a critical extension ratio λ_onset which we attribute to the formation of nanovoids. Analysis of the 2D scattering patterns show that voids formed are 20–40 nm in size and elongated along the tensile direction. Cavities formed beyond λ_onset are smaller as λ increases. Results from the scattering experiments are strongly supported by macroscopic volume change measurements on the samples under similar uniaxial strain. A nearly constant nanocavitation stress σ_onset (25 MPa) was observed when the filler volume fraction ϕ_CB was larger than 14%. This value is much higher than that predicted based on the elastic instability of small voids in an unfilled elastomer and shows only a weak dependence on the cross-linking density ν_C in heavily cross-linked samples. An energy based cavitation criterion stressing the importance of confined domains between particles or clusters of particles was adopted and found to be consistent with the observed results. The nanocavities are thought to alter the local stress state and promote local shear motion of filler particles