Studienreview zur Verwendung der Dokumentarischen Methode im Bereich der englischsprachigen Schulforschung

As both a methodology and a method, the Documentary Method represents one way of scientifically analyzing various phenomena in schools. The Documentary Method was originally developed in Germany, and discussions on its further development remain ongoing in the German-speaking scientific community. Simultaneously, the method has also gained recognition and use in English-speaking scientific contexts in recent years, including in the field of research on and in schools. Against this background, the present contribution reveals the results of a study review of the use of the Documentary Method in the field of research on and in schools in English-language literature. In order to yield a better understanding of the results, some key assumptions about the Documentary Method and its use in research on and in schools are additionally presented. The contribution ends with a summary of research desiderata. (DIPF/Orig.)Die Dokumentarische Methode stellt sowohl als Methodologie als auch als Methode einen Zugang dar, um verschiedene schulische Phänomene wissenschaftlich zu untersuchen. Die Methode wurde ursprünglich in Deutschland entwickelt und innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftsgemeinde werden fortlaufend Weiterentwicklungen diskutiert. Allerdings lässt sich die Tendenz erkennen, dass die Methode gegenwärtig verstärkt auch in englischsprachigen Wissenschaftskontexten genutzt wird – nicht nur, aber auch im Bereich der Schulforschung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in diesem Beitrag Ergebnisse eines Studienreviews zur Nutzung der Dokumentarischen Methode in englischsprachiger Schulforschung vorgestellt. Um die Ergebnisse besser verstehen zu können, werden zudem einige Kernannahmen der Dokumentarischen Methode und deren Bezüge zur Schulforschung präsentiert. Der Beitrag endet mit einer Darlegung von Forschungsdesideraten. (DIPF/Orig.

"Doing Gender" im Kontext der Sexualerziehung an armenischen Schulen. Analyse von explizitem und implizitem Wissen in Unterrichtsinteraktionen mit Hilfe der Dokumentarischen Methode

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how gender-related knowledge is produced in sexuality education classroom discussions using the Documentary Method. Although previous qualitative research, especially with the Documentary Method, has explored various aspects of the discourse on “gender”, none has examined the implicit knowledge that emerges in the construction of gender between teachers and students in gender-related sexuality education classroom discussions. This study addresses this gap by using transcripts of audio-recorded classroom discussions in the context of sexuality education (“Healthy Lifestyle” program) in Armenian schools, and analyzing them using the Documentary Method. The findings indicate that gender and cultural essentialism were present in all reconstructed classroom discussions. This was expressed through an explicit division of gender traits on the argumentative level, which depicted women and men based on their feminine and masculine characteristics. Implicitly, this was reflected in the making of universal and deterministic statements about characteristics that are assumed to apply to all women, all men, and/or all Armenians. The participants shared the conjunctive knowledge of gender roles that are common in patriarchal contexts. (DIPF/Orig.)Das Anliegen dieses Beitrags ist es, mit Hilfe der Dokumentarischen Methode nachzuzeichnen, wie Geschlechter in klassenöffentlichen Diskussionen des Sexualkundeunterrichts konstruiert werden. Während bisherige qualitative Untersuchungen, die auch mit der Dokumentarischen Methode operieren, verschiedene Aspekte von „Gender“ in den Blick genommen haben, liegen keine Studien vor, die jenes implizite Wissen fokussieren, auf dem Konstruktionen von „Gender“ in Diskussionen zwischen Lehrpersonen und Schüler*innen im Sexualkundeunterricht basieren. Die vorliegende Studie greift diese Forschungslücke auf, indem sie audiographierte Unterrichtsgespräche im Rahmen eines Sexualerziehungsprogramms („Healthy Lifestyle“) an armenischen Schulen mit der Dokumentarischen Methode untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass gender- und kulturbezogene Essentialisierungen in allen rekonstruierten Unterrichtsgesprächen vorkommen. Diese zeigen sich auf der Ebene impliziten Wissens darin, dass deterministische und allgemeingültige Behauptungen über charakteristische Merkmale aufgestellt wurden, die den Anspruch erheben, auf alle Frauen, alle Männer und/oder alle Armenier*innen zuzutreffen. Die Teilnehmenden an den Diskussionen teilen dabei konjunktives Wissen bezüglich Geschlechterrollen, wie sie in patriarchalen Kontexten üblich sind. (DIPF/Orig.

Inflammatory Responses to <i>Salmonella</i> Infections Are Serotype-Specific

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the profile of inflammatory response in patients with acute salmonellosis caused by two serotypes of Salmonella enterica, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, as well as in convalescent patients with previous acute disease caused by S. Enteritidis. Patients with acute disease showed significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-17, IL-10, and calprotectin compared to healthy control subjects. In convalescent patients, these markers were also significantly elevated, with the exception of IL-1β. Multivariate statistical analyses with the use of these variables produced models with a good predictive accuracy resulting in excellent separation of the diseased and healthy cohorts studied. Overall, the results suggest that the profile of inflammatory response in this disease is determined, to a significant degree, by the serotype of Salmonella, and the profile of certain cytokines and calprotectin remains abnormal for a number of months following the acute disease stage.</jats:p

Differential induction of total IgE by two Salmonella enterica serotypes

The main goal of this study was to establish how the inflammation caused by infection with two different Salmonella enterica serotypes, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, may lead to the predisposition to allergy as measured by total IgE level in the blood. Infection by S. Typhimurium did not affect the systemic IgE concentration while in S. Enteritidis-infected patients there was a significant 3.5-fold increase. This effect was especially profound in patients >4 years old, with up to the eight-fold increase above the norm. The degree of dysbiosis in these two infections measured with the comparative counts of cultivated bacteria showed an inverse relationship with the IgE concentration. Earlier we reported the elevated level of IL-17 in patients infected by S. Enteritidis. In the current study a significant correlation was found between the concentrations of IL-17 and IgE suggesting a possible role played by this cytokine in triggering the production of IgE in response to S. Enteritidis infection

Molecular Epidemiology and Virulence of Non-Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> in Armenia

In this work, we analysed human isolates of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (NTS), which were collected from salmonellosis cases in Armenia from 1996 to 2019. This disease became a leading food-borne bacterial infection in the region, with the younger age groups especially affected. The isolates were characterised by serotyping, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC-PCR) typing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The main serotypes were S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Arizonae. ERIC-PCR indicated a high degree of clonality among S. Typhimurium strains, which were also multidrug-resistant and produced extended spectrum beta-lactamases. During the study period, the frequency of S. Typhimurium and S. Arizonae isolations decreased, but with the increase in S. Enteritidis and other NTS. A total of 42 NTS isolates were subjected to WGS and explored for virulence-related traits and the corresponding genetic elements. Some virulence and genetic factors were shared by all NTS serotypes, while the main differences were attributed to the serotype-specific diversity of virulence genes, SPIs, virulence plasmids, and phages. The results indicated the variability and dynamics in the epidemiology of salmonellosis and a high virulence potential of human NTS isolates circulating in the region

Potential Involvement of Salmonella Infection in Autoimmunity

In this work, we investigated the potential effects of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection on autoantibody (AA) formation. The titer and profiles of autoantibodies in the sera of patients with acute salmonellosis due to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) or Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) infection, as well as in convalescent patients, were determined with indirect immunofluorescence. A significant increase of autoantibodies in acute diseases caused by both serotypes of Salmonella and during post infection by S. Enteritidis was detected. Antibody profile analysis by multivariate statistics revealed that this increase was non-specific and was not dependent on the infectious agent or disease stage. The results obtained suggest that nontyphoidal Salmonella infection contributes to the generation of autoantibodies and may play a role in autoimmune disease

Potential Involvement of Salmonella Infection in Autoimmunity

In this work, we investigated the potential effects of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection on autoantibody (AA) formation. The titer and profiles of autoantibodies in the sera of patients with acute salmonellosis due to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) or Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) infection, as well as in convalescent patients, were determined with indirect immunofluorescence. A significant increase of autoantibodies in acute diseases caused by both serotypes of Salmonella and during post infection by S. Enteritidis was detected. Antibody profile analysis by multivariate statistics revealed that this increase was non-specific and was not dependent on the infectious agent or disease stage. The results obtained suggest that nontyphoidal Salmonella infection contributes to the generation of autoantibodies and may play a role in autoimmune disease.</jats:p

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Human Isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica

A total of 291 non-duplicate isolates of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) were collected from the fecal samples of patients with salmonellosis in Armenia and Georgia during 1996–2016. The isolates were tested for resistance to antimicrobials, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). The high prevalence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) and ESBL-producer phenotypes was detected among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolates collected from patients in Armenia between 1996 and 2016. A total of 36 MDR NTS isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the genetic background of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mobile genetic elements. All ESBL-producing S. Typhimurium isolates belonged to the same sequence type (ST328). The ESBL-producer phenotype was associated with plasmid-encoded CTX-M-5 production. A range of other plasmids was associated with resistance to other antimicrobials, including the MDR phenotype.</jats:p