Socio demographic and behavioral characteristics of study participants.

Socio demographic and behavioral characteristics of study participants.</p

Monitoring, reporting and regulating medicine quality: tensions between theory and practice in Tanzania

In 2012, the WHO launched its Global Surveillance and Monitoring System (GSMS) for substandard and falsified medicines, with the aim of improving the quality of reporting and using the data to inform post-market surveillance and build regulatory capacity. However, from a regulatory governance perspective, its effectiveness depends on the willingness and ability of actors ‘on the ground’ to identify, report and investigate possible infringements and to enforce penalties. This paper presents findings from 27 interviews with representatives of agencies charged with regulating pharmaceutical markets and 4 interviews with pharmaceutical industry representatives in Tanzania. Their experiences provide important insights into how the theorised mechanism between reporting and a reduction in undesirable behaviours can play out in a low-income context, revealing hidden assumptions about regulator behaviour and motivations. A combination of chronic under-resourcing, information gaps and enforcement challenges conspires to limit the efforts of local regulators to achieve the GSMS goals, shedding new light on the relationship between apparent ‘misconduct’ and structural constraints

Cascade of PMTCT services by clinic location.

<p>Cascade of PMTCT services by clinic location.</p

Conceptual framework for the analysis of patient-provider interactions in Tanzania.

<p>Conceptual framework for the analysis of patient-provider interactions in Tanzania.</p

Characteristics of PLA group participants (3 male groups and 3 female groups each with 8–12 participants, N = 61 participants in total).

<p>Characteristics of PLA group participants (3 male groups and 3 female groups each with 8–12 participants, N = 61 participants in total).</p

Key elements of patient-centred care conceived by Mead and Bower.

<p>Key elements of patient-centred care conceived by Mead and Bower.</p

Characteristics of female community members participating in IDIs (N = 21).

<p>Characteristics of female community members participating in IDIs (N = 21).</p

Factors associated with Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDIT score ≥8) among young males in northern Tanzania.

<p>All OR and AOR are adjusted for the survey design.</p><p>AOR¹-adjusted for location, marital status, having siblings who drink alcohol and number of sexual partners in the last year.</p><p>AOR²-adjusted for location, age, marital status, having siblings who drink alcohol and number of sexual partners in the last year.</p><p>³ No AORs for secondary school students and local industry employees due to small numbers of individuals who screened positive for AUD</p><p>Factors associated with Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDIT score ≥8) among young males in northern Tanzania.</p

Additional file 2: of A cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact on intimate partner violence of a 10-session participatory gender training curriculum delivered to women taking part in a group-based microfinance loan scheme in Tanzania (MAISHA CRT01): study protocol

Participant Information and Consent Form for MAISHA CRT01 – In-depth Interview. Information provided to potential participants, as part of the informed consent process for participant and key informant in-depth interviews, and the informed consent form signed by participants and key informants who agree to take part in the in-depth interviews. (DOC 49 kb

General characteristics of the study populations among young people in northern Tanzania.

<p>¹Actual number of respondents, without sampling weights applied.</p><p>²Proportions are weighted estimates.</p><p>³Proportions without sampling weights applied.</p><p>General characteristics of the study populations among young people in northern Tanzania.</p