Relative abundance of OUT’s based on 16S rRNA gene by pyrosequencing analysis of DNA from pollen samples.

<p>Relative abundance of OUT’s based on 16S rRNA gene by pyrosequencing analysis of DNA from pollen samples.</p

Trends of microbial loads of qualitative parameters in fresh bee pollen collected from hives mounting the bottom trap.

<p>MTVC: mesophilic total viable count; YM: yeast and moulds; LAB: lactic acid bacteria.</p

Evaluation of microbiological safety parameters (cfu/g for <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>; presence/absence in 25 g for <i>Cl</i>. <i>perfringens</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Listeria</i>) of fresh bee pollen samples from hives mounting front trap (FT), wall trap (WT) and bottom trap (BT).

<p>Evaluation of microbiological safety parameters (cfu/g for <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>; presence/absence in 25 g for <i>Cl</i>. <i>perfringens</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Listeria</i>) of fresh bee pollen samples from hives mounting front trap (FT), wall trap (WT) and bottom trap (BT).</p

Bacterial load (cfu/g) after 1–4 months of storage at -18°C of samples collected at 1^st, 4^th and 9^th time from hives mounting the bottom trap.

<p>Bacterial load (cfu/g) after 1–4 months of storage at -18°C of samples collected at 1^st, 4^th and 9^th time from hives mounting the bottom trap.</p

Box plot graph of bacterial load of qualitative microbiological parameters.

<p>A one-way Anova analysis showed no significative difference (<i>p</i> > 0.05) among traps within the same parameter. BT: bottom trap; FT: front trap; WT: wall trap; E.coli: <i>Escherichia coli</i>; Ent.: <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>; LAB: lactic acid bacteria; MTVC: mesophilic total viable count; YM: yeast and moulds.</p

Results of phenotypical analysis and molecular identification of typical colonies isolated from bee pollen samples on selective media.

<p>Results of phenotypical analysis and molecular identification of typical colonies isolated from bee pollen samples on selective media.</p

Trends of microbial loads of qualitative parameters in fresh bee pollen collected from hives mounting the wall trap.

<p>MTVC: mesophilic total viable count; YM: yeast and moulds; LAB: lactic acid bacteria.</p

Trends of bee pollen production through 9 weeks for each trap system.

<p>Trends of bee pollen production through 9 weeks for each trap system.</p

Trends of microbial loads of qualitative parameters in fresh bee pollen collected from hives mounting the front trap.

<p>MTVC: mesophilic total viable count; YM: yeast and moulds; LAB: lactic acid bacteria.</p

Bacterial load (cfu/g) after 1–4 months of storage at -18°C of samples collected at 1^st, 4^th and 9^th time from hives mounting the wall trap.

<p>Bacterial load (cfu/g) after 1–4 months of storage at -18°C of samples collected at 1^st, 4^th and 9^th time from hives mounting the wall trap.</p