Experimental Study on Partial Oxidation Reforming of Pyrolysis Tar over Sewage Sludge Char

In the study, pine pyrolysis gases containing rich tar was passed through the bed of sewage sludge char prepared at high temperature to explore the partial oxidation reforming characteristics of pyrolysis tar. Under the varying conditions of equivalence ratio (ER), residence times of 1.25, 2.5, and 3.75 s in the char bed, and reforming temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C, we investigated the variations of gas composition, tar conversion ratio, and components in reforming products. After the gases containing rich tar were reformed over the high-temperature char bed, the tar conversion ratio reached 95%. The suitable ER for the reforming process was about 0.05 and allowed the highest contents of H2 and CO and a tar conversion ratio of 98.34%. The increase in the reforming temperature increased the percentages of H2 and CO in syngas to some degree and significantly decreased the tar concentration in syngas. At 900 °C, the tar conversion ratio reached 99.19%, and the obtained tar mainly belonged to 2–3 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. In addition, at 800 °C and with an increase in the residence time, tar concentration could not be further decreased, and the concentration of light aromatics was gradually increased. Sewage sludge char showed specific application advantages in catalytic reforming of tar

Overexpression of spastin causes the apical domain expansions.

<p>Pupal eyes (45% pd) with spastin overexpression driven by <i>GMR-GAL4</i> at 22°C were examined by Crb (green, apical domain marker), E-cad (blue, AJ marker) and Acetylated-tubulin (Acetub, red). (A) control, <i>GMR-GAL4/+</i> (B) <i>GMR-GAL4/UAS-spastin</i>. The expanded Crb domain (green, arrow) and E-cad (blue, arrowhead) were caused by the spastin overexpression (B).</p

Acetylated microtubules in <i>Drosophila</i> pupal photoreceptors.

<p>Localization of acetylated microtubules in mid-stage (45% pd) of pupal eyes were examined. (A) Pupal eyes were stained with acetylated-tubulin (Acetub, red) and Crb (green). The acetylated-tubulin (Acetub, red) localizes more basal to the apical domain (Crb). (B) Acetylated microtubules (red) localizes more basal to the AJ (E-cad, green). (C) Side view of (B) shows the acetylated microtubules (red, arrows) are wrapping the AJ (E-cad, green). (D) Acetylated microtubules localize more apical to the basolateral domain (Dlg, green). (E) Schematic diagram of the localization of stabilized microtubules in pupal photoreceptors. The apical markers (Crb) localize at the apical domain (green). The E-cad localizes at AJ (red) which are more basal to the apical domain. The acetylated-tubulin (blue) localizes at the outside from the AJs (red).</p

Localization of Spastin in <i>Drosophila</i> pupal photoreceptors (45% pd).

<p>(A) Spastin (A′, green) localizes not only at acetylated microtubules (A, red), but also at the apical membrane domain (A″, arrow) of the mid-stage pupal eyes.</p

Morphogenesis of <i>Drosophila</i> pupal photoreceptors.

<p>(A) Side view of developing photoreceptors at mid-stage of pupal development. The photoreceptors elongate from distal to proximal (arrow). (B) Cross-section of mid-stage pupal photoreceptors. Apical domain (green) localizes apical to AJ (red) in the center of a photoreceptor cluster.</p

Additional file 1: of Systematic expression analysis of ligand-receptor pairs reveals important cell-to-cell interactions inside glioma

Table S1. 16 autocrine ligand-receptor pairs with significant Spearman’s correlation coefficients higher than 0.4. the first time they are cited. Table S2. 90 genes associated with stemness in glioma. Figure S1. Spearman’s correlation coefficients of two ligand-receptor pairs (GDFR-GFRA1 and RTN4-CNTNAP1) in TGCA LGG dataset. Figure S2. Enriched pathways for ligands highly expressed in stem-like cells and receptors highly expressed in macrophages (Pathway commons). Figure S3. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for ITGB3 in TCGA LGG dataset. Figure S4. Enriched pathways for ligands highly expressed in macrophages and receptors highly expressed in stem-like cells (Pathway commons). Figure S5. PCA of IDH-mutated and IDH-wildtype gliomas based on the genes of ligand-receptor pairs. Figure S6. Performance of model built by randomly selected genes. (DOCX 546 kb

Spastin is essential for photoreceptor morphogenesis in the mid-stage developing pupal eyes.

<p>(A, B) Pupal eyes (45% pupal stage) with <i>spastin^5.75</i> null mutant clones marked by the absence of the GFP (green). Acetylated tubulin (Acetub, red) was decreased or destabilized in the absence of the spastin. Crb (blue) is mislocalized at the distal section (A, arrows) and almost absent at the proximal section (B, arrow-heads) from the same pupal eye. (C) Developing pupal photoreceptors elongate from distal to proximal direction. Distal (A) and proximal (B) sections were marked by dashed-lines.</p

Table_3_Co-occurrence and Mutual Exclusivity Analysis of DNA Methylation Reveals Distinct Subtypes in Multiple Cancers.XLSX

Co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity (COME) of DNA methylation refer to two or more genes that tend to be positively or negatively correlated in DNA methylation among different samples. Although COME of gene mutations in pan-cancer have been well explored, little is known about the COME of DNA methylation in pan-cancer. Here, we systematically explored the COME of DNA methylation profile in diverse human cancer. A total of 5,128,332 COME events were identified in 14 main cancers types in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We also identified functional epigenetic modules of the zinc finger gene family in six cancer types by integrating the gene expression and DNA methylation data and the frequently occurred COME network. Interestingly, most of the genes in those functional epigenetic modules are epigenetically repressed. Strikingly, those frequently occurred COME events could be used to classify the patients into several subtypes with significant different clinical outcomes in six cancers as well as pan-cancer (p-value ≤ = 0.05). Moreover, we observed significant associations between different COME subtypes and clinical features (e.g., age, gender, histological type, neoplasm histologic grade, and pathologic stage) in distinct cancers. Taken together, we identified millions of COME events of DNA methylation in pan-cancer and detected functional epigenetic COME events that could separate tumor patients into different subtypes, which may benefit the diagnosis and prognosis of pan-cancer.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Co-occurrence and Mutual Exclusivity Analysis of DNA Methylation Reveals Distinct Subtypes in Multiple Cancers.docx

Co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity (COME) of DNA methylation refer to two or more genes that tend to be positively or negatively correlated in DNA methylation among different samples. Although COME of gene mutations in pan-cancer have been well explored, little is known about the COME of DNA methylation in pan-cancer. Here, we systematically explored the COME of DNA methylation profile in diverse human cancer. A total of 5,128,332 COME events were identified in 14 main cancers types in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We also identified functional epigenetic modules of the zinc finger gene family in six cancer types by integrating the gene expression and DNA methylation data and the frequently occurred COME network. Interestingly, most of the genes in those functional epigenetic modules are epigenetically repressed. Strikingly, those frequently occurred COME events could be used to classify the patients into several subtypes with significant different clinical outcomes in six cancers as well as pan-cancer (p-value ≤ = 0.05). Moreover, we observed significant associations between different COME subtypes and clinical features (e.g., age, gender, histological type, neoplasm histologic grade, and pathologic stage) in distinct cancers. Taken together, we identified millions of COME events of DNA methylation in pan-cancer and detected functional epigenetic COME events that could separate tumor patients into different subtypes, which may benefit the diagnosis and prognosis of pan-cancer.</p

Protein complexes that related to differentially expressed transcripts in distinct cancers.

<p>The upper triangular matrix shows the shared protein complexes that associated with differentially expressed transcripts between any two of the four cancers of breast, colon, lung and prostate, whereas the lower triangular matrix shows the common differentially transcripts that are involved in protein complexes between any two of these four cancers.</p