2 research outputs found
Predictors of Suicidal Ideation Among Formerly Incarcerated People During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Background and purpose: Formerly incarcerated people die by suicide at a rate 6.75 times higher than the general population, but previous research has not identified factors that contribute to this heightened risk. The conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate both suicide risk factors and the stressors of reentry. In the framework of stress proliferation theory, this study uses path analysis to identify paths from incarceration history to environmental factors (i.e., financial stress), interpersonal factors (i.e., social support and conflict), psychological factors (i.e., depression and existential isolation, the feeling of being alone in one’s subjective experience), and their subsequent relationship with suicidal ideation. Method: I examined cross-sectional survey data collected June-July, 2020 from American participants (n = 946) over the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. Results: Indices of fit indicated poor fit of the path analysis model to the data. However, the majority of the pathways within the model reached significance. Specifically, incarceration predicted suicidal ideation by way of its relationship to financial concern and subsequent conflict and depression. In addition, incarceration predicted lower emotional support, which in turn predicted depression and suicidal ideation. Existential isolation mediated the relationship between incarceration and suicidal ideation. However, the pathways testing whether incarceration predicted existential isolation indirectly (by way of its relationship with emotional support and conflict), were not significant. In follow-up analyses, formerly incarcerated individuals who spent over six months incarcerated reported more suicidal ideation, existential isolation, and loss of meaning than those who spent less than six months incarcerated. Finally, the magnitude of the following relationships was stronger among those with an incarceration history than in those without: 1) financial concern and conflict, 2) financial concern and depression, 3) conflict and existential isolation, and 4) existential isolation and suicidal ideation. Implications: Reentry programs may target existential isolation and emotional support through connecting formerly incarcerated individuals with others with similar lived experiences. Policy changes that ease the financial burdens placed on formerly incarcerated individuals may also have positive downstream effects on their interpersonal relationships and emotional health
A Self-Affirmation Intervention For Responsible Parties in Restorative Justice
Background and purpose: Restorative justice is a response to crime in which the offender, or the “responsible party,” engages in a process with community stakeholders in which they learn about the harm caused by the crime and complete a “contract” in which they take action to make amends and participate in community engagement and personal development activities (Zehr, 2002). Research demonstrates that responsible parties who can adopt the difficult mindset of responsibility taking, perspective taking, and motivated engagement accrue the most benefits from restorative justice (Hipple et al., 2015). The purpose of this study is to test the effect of a values-affirmation intervention (Steele, 1988) on psychological processes and contract completion among responsible parties. Method: I recruited 116 responsible parties undergoing a restorative justice process from nine restorative justice centers to complete a Qualtrics study. Qualtrics randomly assigned participants to write for ten minutes about either their values (self-affirmation condition) or a neutral control topic. Next, participants completed measures of two mediator variables: self-integrity and existential connection, and measures of three dependent variables: responsibility taking, cognitive empathy, and contract readiness. Four months later, I documented whether or not the participant had completed their contract. Results: Compared to the control condition, those in the values-affirmation condition reported higher contract readiness and cognitive empathy, but did not report greater responsibility taking or contract completion. The effect of self-affirmation on contract readiness was mediated by self-integrity but not by existential connection. The effect of self-affirmation on cognitive empathy was mediated by existential connection but not by self-integrity. Conclusion: Restorative justice practitioners might incorporate values-affirmation into the process to help prepare responsible parties for the difficult tasks of empathy and motivation