Effects of alanyl-glutamine on heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression in heart, aorta, lung, and liver in endotoxin rats

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glutamine induces heat-shock protein and protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular hyporeactivity in rats"</p><p>http://ccforum.com/content/11/2/R34</p><p>Critical Care 2007;11(2):R34-R34.</p><p>Published online 9 Mar 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2206450.</p><p></p> HSP70 expressions were analyzed by Western blotting analysis. Relative density refers to the ratio of HSP70 to GAPDH. The expression of HSP70 was significantly increased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection compared with the control group in heart , aorta , lung , and liver tissue. (*< 0.05; = 5). The expressions of HSP70 were much higher than those in the LPS shock group from four tissues in the Ala-Gln+LPS group (#< 0.05; = 5). Ala-Gln+LPS, alanyl-glutamine dipeptide + lipopolysaccharide shock; Ala+LPS, alanyl-glutamine dipeptide + lipopolysaccharide shock; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LPS+Gln, alanyl-glutamine dipeptide + lipopolysaccharide shock

The percentage increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by phenylephrine in different groups of rats

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glutamine induces heat-shock protein and protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular hyporeactivity in rats"</p><p>http://ccforum.com/content/11/2/R34</p><p>Critical Care 2007;11(2):R34-R34.</p><p>Published online 9 Mar 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2206450.</p><p></p> The maximal percentage increase in MAP significantly decreased to 12.7% in the LPS shock group (< 0.05) and was restored to 15.6% in the Ala-Gln+LPS group, whereas the maximum percentage increase in the control group was 24.7% (= 8, mean ± standard deviation). *< 0.05 versus the Ala-Gln+LPS group; < 0.05 versus the control group. Ala-Gln+LPS, alanyl-glutamine dipeptide + lipopolysaccharide shock; LPS shock, lipopolysaccharide shock

Ethylene Polymerization by Dinuclear Xanthene-Bridged Imino- and Aminopyridyl Nickel Complexes

A series of xanthene-bridged dinucleating ligands bearing imino- and aminopyridyl moieties and their nickel complexes were synthesized and characterized. The properties of these dinuclear complexes in ethylene polymerization were studied in comparison with the corresponding mononuclear nickel complexes. The iminopyridyl dinuclear nickel complexes activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) showed higher catalytic activities (up to 2.2 × 10⁶ g of PE (mol Ni)⁻¹ h^–1), higher molecular weights, and produced polyethylene with much lower branching density (27/1000C) than their mononuclear analogues. Similar trends were observed for the aminopyridyl dinuclear complexes. A metal–metal cooperativity effect was proposed to be able to slow down the β<i>-</i>hydride elimination and the corresponding chain-walking process. These results clearly demonstrated the great potentials of dinuclear nickel catalysts with the xanthene-bridged coordination modes in controlling the ethylene polymerization process as well as the microstructures of the resulting polyethylene products

Chain-Walking Polymerization of Linear Internal Octenes Catalyzed by <i>α-</i>Diimine Nickel Complexes

The chain-walking polymerization of linear internal alkenes (i.e., <i>trans-</i>2-, 3-, and 4-octenes) using α-diimine nickel catalysts activated with modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) was studied in comparison with the corresponding terminal alkene polymerization. The rates of polymerization were found to decrease in the following order: 1-octene > 4-octene ≥ 2-octene ≫ 3-octene. The obtained branched poly­(2-octene)­s and poly­(4-octene)­s with high molecular weight and <i>M</i>_w/<i>M</i>_n less than 2 were amorphous polymers with low glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g) of approximately −66 °C. At 0 °C, 4-octene polymerized in a living/controlled manner. The NMR analyses of the polymers showed that the chain-walking polymerization of 4-octene gave periodically branched polymers with the constant branching density, while that of 2-octene gave the polymer possessing fewer branches than the expected value due to monomer-isomerization. The (<i>n</i>+2),(<i>n</i>+3)- and (<i>n</i>+3),(<i>n</i>+2)-insertions of the internal (<i>n</i>+2)-alkene [CH₃(CH₂)_<i>n</i>CHCH­(CH₂)_<i>m</i>CH₃] followed by chain-walking were confirmed by the ¹³C NMR analysis of the produced polymers

Chiral Naphthyl-α-diimine Nickel(II) Catalysts Bearing <i>sec</i>-Phenethyl Groups: Chain-Walking Polymerization of Ethylene at High Temperature and Stereoselective Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate at Low Temperature

A series of new naphthyl-α-diimine nickel­(II) complexes, {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(1-naphthyl)­imino]-1,2-dimethylethane}­dibromonickel (<b>2a</b>), {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(2-methyl-1-naphthyl)­imino]-1,2-dimethylethane}­dibromonickel (<b>2b</b>), {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(2-<i>sec</i>-phenethyl-1-naphthyl)­imino]-1,2-dimethylethane}­dibromonickel (<i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>2c</b>), {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(2-methyl-1-naphthyl)­imino]­acenaphthene}­dibromonickel (<b>2d</b>), and {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(2-naphthyl)­imino]-1,2-dimethylethane}­dibromonickel (<b>2e</b>), were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of ligands <b>1b</b>, <i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>1c</b>, <b>1d</b>, <b>1e</b> and their representative complexes <i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>2c</b> and <b>2d</b> were determined by X-ray crystallography. These complexes, activated by diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC), were tested in the polymerization of ethylene and methyl methacrylate under mild conditions. Complex <i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>2c</b>, bearing chiral bulky <i>sec</i>-phenethyl groups in the <i>o</i>-naphthyl position, activated by diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC) shows highly catalytic activity for the polymerization of ethylene (2.81 × 10⁶ g PE/((mol of Ni) h bar)) and produced branched polyethylene (75 methyl, 9 ethyl, 5 propyl, and 19 butyl or longer branches/1000 C at 40 °C). Interestingly, <i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>2c</b> could produce syndiotactic PMMA at low temperature (−30 °C: <i>rr</i> 88.75%, <i>mr</i> 7.26%, <i>mm</i> 3.99%)

Chiral Naphthyl-α-diimine Nickel(II) Catalysts Bearing <i>sec</i>-Phenethyl Groups: Chain-Walking Polymerization of Ethylene at High Temperature and Stereoselective Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate at Low Temperature

A series of new naphthyl-α-diimine nickel­(II) complexes, {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(1-naphthyl)­imino]-1,2-dimethylethane}­dibromonickel (<b>2a</b>), {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(2-methyl-1-naphthyl)­imino]-1,2-dimethylethane}­dibromonickel (<b>2b</b>), {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(2-<i>sec</i>-phenethyl-1-naphthyl)­imino]-1,2-dimethylethane}­dibromonickel (<i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>2c</b>), {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(2-methyl-1-naphthyl)­imino]­acenaphthene}­dibromonickel (<b>2d</b>), and {bis­[<i>N,N</i>′-(2-naphthyl)­imino]-1,2-dimethylethane}­dibromonickel (<b>2e</b>), were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of ligands <b>1b</b>, <i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>1c</b>, <b>1d</b>, <b>1e</b> and their representative complexes <i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>2c</b> and <b>2d</b> were determined by X-ray crystallography. These complexes, activated by diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC), were tested in the polymerization of ethylene and methyl methacrylate under mild conditions. Complex <i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>2c</b>, bearing chiral bulky <i>sec</i>-phenethyl groups in the <i>o</i>-naphthyl position, activated by diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC) shows highly catalytic activity for the polymerization of ethylene (2.81 × 10⁶ g PE/((mol of Ni) h bar)) and produced branched polyethylene (75 methyl, 9 ethyl, 5 propyl, and 19 butyl or longer branches/1000 C at 40 °C). Interestingly, <i>rac</i>-(<i>RR/SS</i>)-<b>2c</b> could produce syndiotactic PMMA at low temperature (−30 °C: <i>rr</i> 88.75%, <i>mr</i> 7.26%, <i>mm</i> 3.99%)