Real-Time, Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Study on Photoinduced Isomerizations of Azobenzene Under a Light Field

The trans to cis photoisomerization of azobenzene and its reverse (i.e., the cis to trans) processes are studied using real-time propagation time-dependent density functional theory combined with molecular dynamics for ions. We show that the wavelength of the applied laser may significantly affect the transition process. The simulations also show that the photon-excited electrons play essential roles in the isomerization processes, in which the hot electrons couple to phonon modes that drive the transitions

Real-Time, Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Study on Photoinduced Isomerizations of Azobenzene Under a Light Field

The trans to cis photoisomerization of azobenzene and its reverse (i.e., the cis to trans) processes are studied using real-time propagation time-dependent density functional theory combined with molecular dynamics for ions. We show that the wavelength of the applied laser may significantly affect the transition process. The simulations also show that the photon-excited electrons play essential roles in the isomerization processes, in which the hot electrons couple to phonon modes that drive the transitions

Risk of bias graph.

Risk of bias graph.</p

Efficacy and Safety of Plastic Wrap for Prevention of Hypothermia after Birth and during NICU in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Objective</p><p>This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of plastic wrap applied after birth and during NICU in preterm infants for prevention of heat loss in preterm infants.</p><p>Study Methods</p><p>The Medline (1950 to August 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, Issue 7, 2015), CINAHL (1982 to August 2015) and the Embase (1974 to August 2015) databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs with main outcomes related to the core temperature (baseline temperature and/or post-stabilization temperature), hypothermia, mortality rate and hyperthermia.</p><p>Result</p><p>The included studies were of low to moderate quality. Compared with unwrapped infants, plastic wrap was associated with a significantly higher baseline temperature and post-stabilization temperature both in infants < 28 weeks of gestation (mean difference [MD] = 0.62, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.85; MD = 0.41, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.50, respectively), and in infants between 28 to 34 weeks of gestation (MD = 0.54, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.87; MD = 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.82, respectively). Use of plastic wrap was associated with lower incidence of hypothermia (relative risk [RR] = 0.70, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.78). However, use of plastic wrap in preterm infants was not associated with decrease in mortality (RR: 0.88, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.12, <i>P</i> = 0.31). Incidence of hyperthermia was significantly higher in the plastic wrap group as compared to that in the control group (RR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.56 to 4.15, <i>P</i> = 0.0002). Hyperthermia in the plastic wrap group was resolved within one or two hours after unwrapping the babies.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Plastic wrap can be considered an effective and safe additional intervention to prevent hypothermia in preterm infants. However, its cost-effectiveness and long-term effect on mortality needs to be ascertained by conducting well-designed studies with longer follow-up period.</p></div

Schematic illustration of literature search and study selection for meta-analysis.

<p>Schematic illustration of literature search and study selection for meta-analysis.</p

Forest plot showing the effect of plastic wrap versus control intervention on hyperthermia of preterm infants.

M-H, Mantel-Haenszel; CI, confidence interval.</p

Forest plot showing the effect of plastic wrap versus control intervention on the baseline temperature of preterm infants less than 28 weeks of gestation and at 28 to 34 weeks of gestation.

<p>CI, Confidence interval.</p

Subgroup analysis of different intervention (wrap or bag) on the baseline temperature of preterm infants less than 28 weeks of gestation.

<p>M-H, Mantel-Haenszel; CI, confidence interval.</p

Sensitivity analyses of baseline temperatures in infants less than 28 weeks of gestational age.

<p>Sensitivity analyses of baseline temperatures in infants less than 28 weeks of gestational age.</p

Forest plot showing the effect of plastic wrap versus control intervention on the post-stabilization temperature of preterm infants less than 28 weeks of gestation at 28 to 34 weeks of gestation.

CI, Confidence interval.</p