The illustrations show morphological diversity of styles within <i>Meconopsis integrifolia</i>.

<p>A and B, C and D, and E and F represent plants from the same population, respectively.</p

The illustrations show plants of subclade Ie (a–e) and Id (f–i).

<p>(a) <i>Meconopsis integrifolia</i>; (b) <i>M. grandis</i>; (c) <i>M. betonicifolia</i>; (d, e) <i>M. simplicifolia</i>; (f, g) <i>M. punicea</i>; (h, i) <i>M. quintuplinervia</i>.</p

Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for populations of <i>Meconopsis integrifolia</i> based on chloroplast DNA haplotypes.

<p>Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for populations of <i>Meconopsis integrifolia</i> based on chloroplast DNA haplotypes.</p

The illustrations show representative species from subclade Ia.

<p>(A, B) Plant and fruit of <i>Meconopsis pinnatifolia</i> (subgenus <i>Discogyne</i>); (C, D) <i>M. paniculata</i> (subgenus <i>Eumeconopsis</i>); (E, F) <i>M. wilsonii</i> (subgenus <i>Eumeconopsis</i>).</p

The Bayesian tree of Meconopsis constructed using the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS).

<p>Numbers on the branches denote the Bayesian posterior probabilities and the bootstrap values for maximum parsimony (MP) for the main clades.</p

Phylogenetic chronograms of the cpDNA haplotypes (a) and the ITS haplotypes (b) generated from BEAST.

<p>Numbers on the branches indicate the Bayesian posterior probabilities (Left) and bootstrap values of 1000 replicates (Right) for the maximum parsimony analysis. Ages of the main clades are shown below the branches and horizontal bars represent estimates for node ages at the 95% highest posterior density.</p

A map showing the species' ranges and a scenario of possible hybridization between species.

<p>Letters A–D indicate the sampling sites for <i>M. simplicifolia</i> (star) and <i>M. betonicifolia</i> (filled circle), A: Cuona, B: Linzhi, C: Milin, and D: Laojunshan Mountain. Triangle, solid circle, and pentagram represent some sampled populations of <i>M. integrifolia</i>, <i>M. betonicifolia</i>, and <i>M. simplicifolia</i>, respectively. Putative hybrid populations are indicated by the overlapping of solid circle and triangle.</p

Molecular Phylogeny of Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> Based on Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data

<div><p>The taxonomy and phylogeny of Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> (Himalayan blue poppy) remain largely unresolved. We used the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) <i>trnL-F</i> region for phylogenetic reconstruction of <i>Meconopsis</i> and its close relatives <i>Papaver</i>, <i>Roemeria</i>, and <i>Stylomecon</i>. We identified five main clades, which were well-supported in the gene trees reconstructed with the nrDNA ITS and cpDNA <i>trnL-F</i> sequences. We found that 41 species of Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> did not constitute a monophyletic clade, but formed two solid clades (I and V) separated in the phylogenetic tree by three clades (II, III and IV) of <i>Papaver</i> and its allies. Clade V includes only four Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> species, with the remaining 90 percent of Asian species included in clade I. In this core Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> clade, five subclades (Ia–Ie) were recognized in the nrDNA ITS tree. Three species (<i>Meconopsis discigera</i>, <i>M. pinnatifolia</i>, and <i>M. torquata</i>) of subgenus <i>Discogyne</i> were imbedded in subclade Ia, indicating that the present definition of subgenera in <i>Meconopsis</i> should be rejected. These subclades are inconsistent with any series or sections of the present classifications, suggesting that classifications of the genus should be completely revised. Finally, proposals for further revision of the genus <i>Meconopsis</i> were put forward based on molecular, morphological, and biogeographical evidences.</p></div

The Bayesian tree of <i>Meconopsis</i> inferred from the trn<i>L-F</i> fragment.

<p>Numbers on the branches denote the Bayesian posterior probabilities and the bootstrap values for maximum parsimony (MP) for the main clades.</p

The Bayesian tree of clade I from <b>Figure 1</b>.

<p>Numbers on the branches denote the Bayesian posterior probabilities and the bootstrap values for maximum parsimony (MP) and the Bayesian posterior probabilities for the main clades.</p