The colonial characteristics of <i>V. volvacea</i> stains PYd15(a, b), H1521(c, d) and PYd21(e, f).

<p>(a,c,e). strains were growth on PDA plates and images were captured after 4 d of growth. (b,d,f). strains were growth on a straw-based medium and images were captured after 15 d of cultivation.</p

Major characteristics of DGE libraries.

<p>Major characteristics of DGE libraries.</p

Gene expression in three strains of <i>V. volvacea</i>.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Venn diagrams showing genes expressed in the three strains. (<b>b</b>) The histogram shows the percentage of genes that are differentially expressed in the three strains of <i>V. volvacea</i>.</p

Comparison of the number of CAZymes in <i>V. volvacea</i> genome with those in other fungi genomes [3].

<p>Enzymes: GH for glycoside hydrolase, GT for glycosyltransferase, PL for polysaccharide lyases, and CE for carbohydrate esterases. Species abbreviations and genome references: V. vol. for <i>Volvariella volvacea</i> (current paper), S. com. for <i>Schizophyllum commune</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Ohm1" target="_blank">[3]</a>, P. chr. for <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Martinez2" target="_blank">[30]</a>, P. pla. for <i>Postia placenta</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Martinez3" target="_blank">[31]</a>, C. cin. for <i>Coprinopsis cinerea</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Stajich1" target="_blank">[14]</a>, L. bio. for <i>Laccaria bicolor</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Martin1" target="_blank">[32]</a>, C. neo. for <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Loftus1" target="_blank">[33]</a>; U. may. for <i>Ustilago maydis</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Kmper1" target="_blank">[34]</a>, S.cer. for <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Goffeau1" target="_blank">[35]</a>, N.cra. for <i>Neurospora crassa</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Galagan1" target="_blank">[36]</a>, T. mel. for <i>Tuber melanosporum</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Martin2" target="_blank">[37]</a>, A.nig. for <i>Aspergillus niger</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Pel1" target="_blank">[38]</a>, P.ind. for <i>Piriformospora indica</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Zuccaro1" target="_blank">[39]</a>, P. chr. for <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-vandenBerg1" target="_blank">[40]</a>, and T.ree. for <i>Trichoderma reesei</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Martinez1" target="_blank">[2]</a>.</p

Effects of the formation of heterokaryon on gene expression.

a<p>TMP: Tags per million.</p

Double clustering of the carbohydrate-cleaving families of 8 basidiomycete genomes.

<p><b>Top tree:</b> S. com. for <i>Schizophyllum commune</i>; V. vol. for <i>Volvariella volvacea</i>; P. chr. for <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i>; C. cin. for <i>Coprinopsis cinerea</i>; P. pla. for <i>Postia placenta</i>; L. bio. for <i>Laccaria bicolor</i>; C. neo. for <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>; U. may. for <i>Ustilago maydis</i>. <b>Left tree:</b> the enzyme families are represented by their class (GH for glycoside hydrolase; PL for polysaccharide lyase; CE for carbohydrate esterase) and family number according to the carbohydrate-active enzyme database <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058780#pone.0058780-Cantarel1" target="_blank">[23]</a>. <b>Right side:</b> known substrate of CAZy families. Abundance of the different enzymes within a family is represented by a colour scale from 0 (black) to >20 (red) occurrences per species.</p

Aspertetranones A–D, Putative Meroterpenoids from the Marine Algal-Associated Fungus <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. ZL0-1b14

Aspertetranones A–D (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>), four new highly oxygenated putative rearranged triketide-sesquiterpenoid meroterpenes, were isolated from the marine algal-associated fungus <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. ZL0-1b14. On the basis of a comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, the planar structures of aspertetranones were determined to possess an unusual skeleton in the terpenoid part. The relative and absolute configurations of the aspertetranones were assigned on the basis of NOESY analysis, X-ray crystallography, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Aspertetranone D exhibited an inhibitory effect against IL-6 production with 69% inhibition at 40 μM