Habitat modification and seasonality influence avian haemosporidian parasite distributions in southeastern Brazil - Fig 2

<p><b>Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showing bird (a) and parasite (b) community dissimilarities among successional stages.</b> Bird communities were dissimilar between pasture and non-pasture areas (ANOSIM; R = 0.98; P < 0.01), but there was no difference in parasite dissimilarity (ANOSIM; R = 0.1; P = 0.25).</p

Bayesian phylogenetic tree showing lineages detected in the pasture and non-pasture areas, and in the rainy and dry seasons.

<p>Posterior probabilities and nucleotide changes (scale bar) are shown. <i>Leucocytozoon schoutedeni</i> represents the outgroup.</p

Map of Mata Seca State Park in Minas Gerais, Brazil, showing the sampling areas.

<p>Geographic coordinates from the sampling points: Early stages: 14°50'58.00"S, 44° 0'28.00"W; 14°50'57.00"S, 44°0'14.00"W; 14°50'57.11"S, 43°59'58.82"W. Intermediate stages: 14°50'58.00"S, 43°58'42.00"O; 14°50'56.21"S, 43°58'50.15"O; 14°50'52.00"S, 43°58'49.00" W. Late stages: 14°50'56.74"S, 43°59'40.51"W; 14°50'54.70"S, 14°50'51.79"S, 43°59'17.89"W; 43°58'1.53"W. Pasture areas: 14°51'27.09"S, 43°57'20.41"W; 14°51'0.35"S, 43°57'32.24"W; 14°50'59.42"S, 43°57'4.39"W.</p

Number of birds sampled and haemosporidian prevalence by successional stage and season in the Mata Seca State Park.

<p>Number of birds sampled and haemosporidian prevalence by successional stage and season in the Mata Seca State Park.</p

Haemosporidian prevalence and lineages distribution according to bird habitat use for habitat-specialists and generalist species.

<p>Haemosporidian prevalence and lineages distribution according to bird habitat use for habitat-specialists and generalist species.</p

Hematological results and quantification of blood parasites in blood smears (Mean ± S.D.).

<p>Hematological results and quantification of blood parasites in blood smears (Mean ± S.D.).</p

Estimates of evolutionary distance (% expected base substitutions per site) of cytochrome b mitochondrial gene sequences of hemosporidians identified in penguins in this study (1–6) and the literature (7–10), and reference lineages from the MalAvi database (11–19).

<p>Estimates of evolutionary distance (% expected base substitutions per site) of cytochrome b mitochondrial gene sequences of hemosporidians identified in penguins in this study (1–6) and the literature (7–10), and reference lineages from the MalAvi database (11–19).</p

Tissue meronts of <i>Plasmodium</i> (<i>Haemamoeba</i>) <i>tejerai</i> in tissues of Magellanic penguins (<i>Spheniscus magellanicus</i>).

<p>Hematoxilin-Eosin, penguin 584: liver (a), parathyroid (b) and heart (c).</p

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the studied hemosporidian lineages.

<p>Lineages identified in this study are emphasized in blue. When available, information on the morphospecies observed on the corresponding blood smear is provided. Branch lengths are drawn proportionally to evolutionary distance (scale bar is shown). Lower bootstrap values (<50) are omitted.</p

Individual history and diagnostic results for the studied Magellanic penguins (<i>Spheniscus magellanicus</i>).

<p>Individual history and diagnostic results for the studied Magellanic penguins (<i>Spheniscus magellanicus</i>).</p