Development of a DPAP1-specific HTS assay.

<p><b>A.</b> Continuous assay. The assay was carried out in 384-well plates using 1% of parasite lysates. Substrate turnover was continuously measured for 5 min. JCP410 (10 µM) was used as a positive inhibition control. Z’ factor, S/N, and % CV of the negative control are shown. <b>B.</b> End-point assay for HTS. The reaction described in A was quenched after 10 min by addition of 0.5 M acetic acid. The final concentration of rhodamine product was quantified by fluorescence.</p

Cat C-specific fluorogenic assay in rat liver lysates.

<p><b>A.</b> Labeling of Cat C with FY01. Rat liver extract extracts were treated with increasing concentrations of FY01 for 1 h and labeled proteins analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by scanning of the gel using a flatbed laser scanner. The location of labeled Cat C is indicated. <b>B.</b> Inhibition of substrate turnover specifically correlates with Cat C labeling. The cleavage of (Pro-Arg)₂-Rho substrate was measured prior to analysis of FY01 labeling shown in part A. Quantification of the indicated labeled proteins relative to DMSO control is shown. <b>C.</b> Cat C-specific HTS assay in rat liver extracts. Rat liver lysates were treated for 30 min with either DMSO or JCP410 (10 µM) followed by the addition of 10 µM of (Pro-Arg)₂-Rho. The turnover rate was continuously measured for 5 min in a 384-well plate. Z’ factor, S/N, and % CV of the negative control are shown.</p

Use of an ABP to identify a DPAP1-selective substrate in parasite lysates.

<p><b>A.</b> Structure and reaction mechanism of the (Pro-Arg)₂-Rho substrate. <b>B.</b> Measurement of (Pro-Arg)₂-Rho apparent <i>K</i>_m in trophozoite lysates (circles) and with recombinant DPAP1 (triangle). Turnover rates at increasing concentrations of substrate were fitted to a Michaelis-Menten equation as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011985#s4" target="_blank">methods</a> section. <b>C.</b> Labeling of DPAP1 activity in parasite lysates with FY01. Trophozoite lysates were incubated for 1 h with increasing concentrations of FY01. Labeling was stopped by boiling the sample in SDS-PAGE loading buffer. DPAP1 activity was measured using a flatbed fluorescent scanner. <b>D.</b> DPAP1 labeling correlates with substrate turnover inhibition. An aliquot of the samples treated for 1 h with FY01 was diluted in assay buffer containing 10 µM of (Pro-Arg)₂-Rho, and the initial turnover rate was measured in a 96-well plate (circles). This turnover rate is plotted with the labeling quantified in C.</p

Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration

How predictable are life trajectories? We investigated this question with a scientific mass collaboration using the common task method; 160 teams built predictive models for six life outcomes using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a high-quality birth cohort study. Despite using a rich dataset and applying machine-learning methods optimized for prediction, the best predictions were not very accurate and were only slightly better than those from a simple benchmark model. Within each outcome, prediction error was strongly associated with the family being predicted and weakly associated with the technique used to generate the prediction. Overall, these results suggest practical limits to the predictability of life outcomes in some settings and illustrate the value of mass collaborations in the social sciences.</p