50+ : die Rolle des Zufalls in der Laufbahnberatung

Die vorliegende Arbeit ergründet den Einfluss des Zufalls auf die Entwicklung individueller Berufslaufbahnen. Sie beantwortet die Frage, welche Rolle die Happenstance Learning Theorie von Krumboltz bei erfolgreichen Stellenwechseln von über 50-jährigen spielt und welche Konsequenzen dies Laufbahngestaltung für die Arbeit in der Laufbahnberatung von Menschen im fortgeschrittenen mittleren Lebensalter hat. In die Ausgangslage miteinbezogen wurden Gedanken zur aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Diskussion, eine Betrachtung des gegenwärtigen Arbeitsmarktes sowie die Situation in den Beratungsstellen. Für die explorative Studie wurde ein induktiver Ansatz verfolgt, über den sich von der Datenerhebung und -auswertung Hypothesen formulieren liessen. Die Grundlage bildete eine qualitative Erhebung in Form von sechs Interviews mit Personen beider Geschlechter, ungeachtet ihrer beruflichen Positionen, welche mit über 50 Jahren einen erfolgreichen Wechsel im Berufsleben vollzogen hatten. Dabei wurde eine möglichst grosse Variation der Fälle hinsichtlich Position, Geschlecht und Branchen angestrebt

Before-after differences in labor market outcomes for participants in medical rehabilitation in Germany

The authors address the issue of effectiveness of medical rehabilitation in terms of labor market outcomes by analyzing a large representative administrative panel data set for Germany. The research design focuses on socio-demographic group differences in before-after differences in days with unemployment benefits, days in employment, and labor income of participants in medical rehabilitation. The mean before-after differences indicate that medical rehabilitation is rather ineffective with respect to labor market outcomes, because the number of days with unemployment benefits is larger and the number of working days and labor income are smaller after the rehabilitation than before. The differences in the before-after differences are however large between socio-demographic groups. For example, older participants perform significantly worse and better educated participants have significant better labor market outcomes after the rehabilitation than before, whereas gender differences are small

Metallic Magnets without Inversion Symmetry and Antiferromagnetic Quantum Critical Points

This thesis focusses on two classes of systems that exhibit non-Fermi liquid behaviour in experiments: we investigated aspects of chiral ferromagnets and of antiferromagnetic metals close to a quantum critical point. In chiral ferromagnets, the absence of inversion symmetry makes spin-orbit coupling possible, which leads to a helical modulation of the ferromagnetically ordered state. We studied the motion of electrons in the magnetically ordered state of a metal without inversion symmetry by calculating their generic band-structure. We found that spin-orbit coupling, although weak, has a profound effect on the shape of the Fermi surface: On a large portion of the Fermi surface the electron motion parallel to the helix practically stops. Signatures of this effect can be expected to show up in measurements of the anomalous Hall effect. Recent neutron scattering experiments uncovered the existence of a peculiar kind of partial order in a region of the phase diagram adjacent to the ordered state of the chiral ferromagnet MnSi. Starting from the premise that this partially ordered state is a thermodynamically distinct phase, we investigated an extended Ginzburg-Landau theory for chiral ferromagnets. In a certain parameter regime of the Ginzburg-Landau theory we identified crystalline phases that are reminiscent of the so-called blue phases in liquid crystals. Many antiferromagnetic heavy-fermion systems can be tuned into a regime where they exhibit non-Fermi liquid exponents in the temperature dependence of thermodynamic quantities such as the specific heat capacity; this behaviour could be due to a quantum critical point. If the quantum critical behaviour is field-induced, the external field does not only suppress antiferromagnetism but also induces spin precession and thereby influences the dynamics of the order parameter. We investigated the quantum critical behavior of clean antiferromagnetic metals subject to a static, spatially uniform external magnetic field. We studied how the interplay of precession and damping affects various thermodynamic and transport quantities. We found that the susceptibility d M/d B is the thermodynamic quantity which shows the most significant change upon approaching the quantum critical point and which gives experimental access to the (dangerously irrelevant) spin-spin interactions. Finally, we studied the quantum critical behaviour of two-dimensional antiferromagnetic metals. Going beyond an order parameter theory, we included the electronic quasiparticles as well as the fluctuating magnetization in a functional Renormalization Group calculation. Preliminary results indicate a divergence in the fRG-equations already at a finite distance from the quantum critical point - this is incompatible with the Hertz-Millis picture

Hanle-effect measurements of spin injection from Mn5Ge3C0.8/Al2O3-contacts into degenerately doped Ge channels on Si

We report electrical spin injection and detection in degenerately doped n-type Ge channels using Mn5Ge3C0.8/Al2O3/n^{+}-Ge tunneling contacts for spin injection and detection. The whole structure is integrated on a Si wafer for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatibility. From three-terminal Hanle-effect measurements, we observe a spin accumulation up to 10 K. The spin lifetime is extracted to be 38 ps at T = 4K using Lorentzian fitting, and the spin diffusion length is estimated to be 367 nm due to the high diffusion coefficient of the highly doped Ge channel.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Microarray detection of human parainfluenzavirus 4 infection associated with respiratory failure in an immunocompetent adult.

A pan-viral DNA microarray, the Virochip (University of California, San Francisco), was used to detect human parainfluenzavirus 4 (HPIV-4) infection in an immunocompetent adult presenting with a life-threatening acute respiratory illness. The virus was identified in an endotracheal aspirate specimen, and the microarray results were confirmed by specific polymerase chain reaction and serological analysis for HPIV-4. Conventional clinical laboratory testing using an extensive panel of microbiological tests failed to yield a diagnosis. This case suggests that the potential severity of disease caused by HPIV-4 in adults may be greater than previously appreciated and illustrates the clinical utility of a microarray for broad-based viral pathogen screening

New model substrates for enzymes hydrolysing polyethyleneterephthalate and polyamide fibres

Recently the potential of enzymes for surface hydrophilisation and/or functionalisation of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and polyamide (PA) has been discovered. However, there was no correlation between enzyme class/activity (e.g. esterase, lipase, cutinase) and surface hydrolysis of these polymers and consequently no simple assay to estimate this capability. Enzymes active on the model substrates bis (benzoyloxyethyl) terephthalate and adipic acid bishexyl-amide, were also capable of increasing the hydrophilicity of PET and PA. When dosed at the identical activity on 4-nitrophenyl butyrate, only enzymes from Thermobifida fusca, Aspergillus sp., Beauveria sp. and commercial enzymes (TEXAZYME PES sp5 and Lipase PS) increased the hydrophilicity of PET fibres while other esterases and lipases did not show any effect. Activity on PET correlated with the activity on the model substrate. Hydrophilicity of fibres was greatly improved based on increases in rising height of up to 4.3 cm and the relative decrease of water absorption time between control and sample of the water was up to 76%. Similarly, enzymes increasing the hydrophilicity of PA fibres such as from Nocardia sp., Beauveria sp. and F. solani hydrolysed the model substrate; however, there was no common enzyme activity (e.g. protease, esterase, amidase) which could be attributed to all these enzymes

High-pressure neutron diffraction apparatus for investigating the structure of liquids under hydrothermal conditions

A high-pressure setup is described for making neutron diffraction experiments on liquids under hydrothermal conditions. Designs are given for a modied Bridgman unsupported area seal, a fluid separator that keeps apart the liquid sample and pressurising fluid, and a pressure-cell made from the null-scattering alloy Ti0:676Zr0:324.Special attention is paid to the choice of construction materials used to avoid corrosion by the liquid sample under load at elevated temperatures. The apparatus is used to investigate the structure of heavy water at pressures up to 2 kbar and temperatures up to 250 degC

A multi-center, open-labeled, cluster-randomized study of the safety of double and triple drug community mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis

BackgroundThe Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) provides antifilarial medications to hundreds of millions of people annually to treat filarial infections and prevent elephantiasis. Recent trials have shown that a single-dose, triple-drug treatment (ivermectin with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole [IDA]) is superior to a two-drug combination (diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole [DA]) that is widely used in LF elimination programs. This study was performed to assess the safety of IDA and DA in a variety of endemic settings.Methods and findingsLarge community studies were conducted in five countries between October 2016 and November 2017. Two studies were performed in areas with no prior mass drug administration (MDA) for filariasis (Papua New Guinea and Indonesia), and three studies were performed in areas with persistent LF despite extensive prior MDA (India, Haiti, and Fiji). Participants were treated with a single oral dose of IDA (ivermectin, 200 μg/kg; diethylcarbamazine, 6 mg/kg; plus albendazole, a fixed dose of 400 mg) or with DA alone. Treatment assignment in each study site was randomized by locality of residence. Treatment was offered to residents who were ≥5 years of age and not pregnant. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed by medical teams with active follow-up for 2 days and passive follow-up for an additional 5 days. A total of 26,836 persons were enrolled (13,535 females and 13,300 males). A total of 12,280 participants were treated with DA, and 14,556 were treated with IDA. On day 1 or 2 after treatment, 97.4% of participants were assessed for AEs. The frequency of all AEs was similar after IDA and DA treatment (12% versus 12.1%, adjusted odds ratio for IDA versus DA 1.15, 95% CI 0.87-1.52, P = 0.316); 10.9% of participants experienced mild (grade 1) AEs, 1% experienced moderate (grade 2) AEs, and 0.1% experienced severe (grade 3) AEs. Rates of serious AEs after DA and IDA treatment were 0.04% (95% CI 0.01%-0.1%) and 0.01% (95% CI 0.00%-0.04%), respectively. Severity of AEs was not significantly different after IDA or DA. Five of six serious AEs reported occurred after DA treatment. The most common AEs reported were headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and fatigue. AE frequencies varied by country and were higher in adults and in females. AEs were more common in study participants with microfilaremia (33.4% versus 11.1%, P ConclusionsIn this study, we observed that IDA was well tolerated in LF-endemic populations. Posttreatment AE rates and severity did not differ significantly after IDA or DA treatment. Thus, results of this study suggest that IDA should be as safe as DA for use as a MDA regimen for LF elimination in areas that currently receive DA.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT02899936

Effects of Dietary Intake of Marine Ingredients on the Circulating Total Cholesterol Concentration in Domestic Dogs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A high circulating total cholesterol (TC) concentration increases the risk for atherosclerosis in the domestic dog. Intake of marine foods is associated with a lowering effect on circulating TC concentration in humans and rodents, but the reported effects of marine ingredients on the TC concentration in domestic dogs has not yet been reviewed. The main aim was to investigate the effects of consuming marine ingredients on the TC concentration in domestic dogs. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (domestic dogs), intervention (source and type of marine ingredients, dose, duration), comparator (control diet) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's tool. A meta-analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5.4.1 (the Cochrane Collaboration), comprising 12 articles with 243 dogs. Consumption of marine oils resulted in a significantly lower circulating TC concentration relative to comparator groups (mean difference −0.70 mmol/L, 95% CI (−1.21, −0.18), p = 0.008), with high statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 78%). The risk of bias is unclear since few of the entries in the SYRCLE's tool were addressed. We did not identify any studies using marine proteins or marine organisms other that fish. To conclude, intake of marine oils results in a lower TC concentration in dogs, thus reducing an important risk factor for atherosclerosis in canines. This study was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42023396943.publishedVersio