Larvisida Dan Pupisida Isotearil Alkohol Etoksilat Terhadap Larva Dan Pupa Aedes Aegypti

Isotearil alkohol etoksilat merupakan larvasida yang bekerja sebagai barier fisik bagi pertumbuhan nyamuk. Larvasida ini membentuk lapisan yang sangat tipis (monomolecular surface film) dan menurunkan tegangan permukaan air. Permasalahan penelitian adalah bagaimana efektifitas isotearil alkohol etoksilat dalam membunuh larva dan pupa nyamuk vektor DBD Ae. aegypti. Tujuan penelitian ingin mengetahui efektifitas isotearil alkohol etoksilat dalam membunuh larva dan pupa nyamuk vektor DBD Ae. aegypti. Metode penelitian dengan pengujian efikasi isotearil alkohol etoksilat terhadap larva Aedes aegypti. Penelitian menggunakan 5 dosis, yaitu 0,5 ml/m2, 0,75 ml/m2, 1,0 ml/m2, 1,5 ml/m2 dan 2 ml/m2 serta kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isotearil alkohol etoksilat selama satu minggu membunuh larva dan pupa Ae. aegypti ± 75%. Hasil analisis data menggunakan Anova menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan jumlah kematian larva Ae. aegypti pada dosis yang berbeda (p=0,999). Simpulan penelitian adalah isotearil alkohol etoksilat dosis 0,5, 0,75, 1,0, 1,5 dan 2 ml/m2 kurang efektif digunakan untuk membunuh larva dan pupa nyamuk vektor DBD Ae. aegypti. Isotearil alcohol ethoxylate is larvicide who works as a physical barrier to mosquito\u27s growth. This larvicides form is very thin layer (monomolecular surface film) and lowers the surface tension of water. The research problem was how effectiveness of alcohol ethoxylate isotearil for killing mosquito larvae and pupae dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Research purpose was to determine the effectiveness of alcohol ethoxylate isotearil for killing larvae and pupae of dengue mosquitoes vector Aedes aegypti. Research methods used to test the efficacy of alcohol ethoxylate isotearil against Aedes aegypti larvae. Research used 5 doses, 0.5ml/m2, 0.75ml/m2, 1.0ml/m2, 1.5ml/m2, and 2ml/m2, and control. The results showed that the alcohol ethoxylate isotearil for a week to kill the larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti ± 75 %. Data analysis using ANOVA showed no difference in mortality of larvae of Aedes aegypti at different doses (p=0.999). Therefore, isotearil alcohol ethoxylate dose of 0.5 , 0.75 , 1.0 , 1.5 and 2 ml/m2 were not effective used to kill mosquito larvae and pupae dengue vector Aedes aegypti

List of final attributes and levels included in the discrete choice experiment eliciting young people's preferences for FP service providers in Malawi, 2012.

<p>^a Several of the levels for outreach services were fixed to reflect the structure of services delivered by FPAM,</p><p>^b Attributes in <i>italics</i> were fixed to the specified level in order to match alternative descriptions with services available in research communities and anticipated structure of new services,</p><p>^c 50 Malawi Kwacha was equal to approximately USD$0.20 at the time of the survey in May-June 2012,</p><p>^d Currently available community distribution includes only condoms. Oral contraceptives were included since plans to expand this service include the distribution of oral contraceptives using trained CBDAs</p><p>List of final attributes and levels included in the discrete choice experiment eliciting young people's preferences for FP service providers in Malawi, 2012.</p

Diaphragm unit cost per 1,000 users (2011US$).

<p>Diaphragm unit cost per 1,000 users (2011US$).</p

RPL results for discrete choice experiment eliciting young people's preferences for FP service providers in Malawi, 2012.

<p>^a SE = Standard Error, StdD = Standard Deviation,</p><p>^b Only for random parameters,</p><p>^c ASC = Alternative Specific Constant.</p><p>***p<0.01;</p><p>**p<0.05;</p><p>*p<0.1.</p><p>Likelihood Ratio Test Between Final Model and Base Model: LR_Final-Base = 179.9χ²_11.0.0.001(24.7)</p><p>RPL results for discrete choice experiment eliciting young people's preferences for FP service providers in Malawi, 2012.</p

Fig 4 presents the ICER per pregnancy averted in US$2011 depending on the costs considered in the model.

<p>Fig 4 presents the ICER per pregnancy averted in US$2011 depending on the costs considered in the model.</p

Base comparison RPL model results for discrete choice experiment eliciting young people's preferences for FP service providers in Malawi, 2012.

<p>^<b>a</b> SE = Standard Error, StdD = Standard Deviation,</p><p>^b Only for random parameters,</p><p>^c ASC = Alternative Specific Constant.</p><p>***p<0.01;</p><p>**p<0.05;</p><p>*p<0.1.</p><p>Likelihood Ratio Test Between Base RPL and Base MNL Model: LL_RPL-MNL = 269.88χ²_112.0.0.001(32.9)</p><p>Base comparison RPL model results for discrete choice experiment eliciting young people's preferences for FP service providers in Malawi, 2012.</p

Simulated uptake of different service providers under selected service scenarios, 2012.

<p>* Reported utilization was obtained from survey data asking respondents where they had accessed FP services in the last 12 months.</p><p>** In the case of reported utilization, ‘Other’ indicates reported utilization of provider types not included in the DCE. In the simulations, ‘None’ indicates an opt-out response.</p><p>*** In the full sample only 65% of respondents had accessed FP services in the past 12 months. Unweighted proportions reflect the choices of the full sample. Weighted proportions reflect the market shares for the individuals that have accessed services in the past 12 months.</p><p>^a For all simulations, the distance for Government and Private services was fixed at 20km, and 0km for Outreach and CBDA.</p><p>^b For all simulations Government, Private and CBDA services were assumed to be available 6 days a week from 8am to 5pm. Outreach services are available one day per month.</p><p>^c For all simulations providers are assumed to be friendly and FP commodities readily available unless otherwise specified.</p><p>^d For all simulations wait times are set to 2 hours for Government, 1 hours for private and 30 minutes for Outreach unless otherwise specified.</p><p>^e For all simulations prices are set to 0 (free) unless otherwise specified.</p><p>^f All comparisons are against the base uptake in the choice experiment.</p><p>^ⱡ MK = Malawi Kwacha. 50 Malawi Kwacha was equal to approximately USD$0.20 at the time of the survey in May-June 2012</p><p>Simulated uptake of different service providers under selected service scenarios, 2012.</p

Averted costs of averted pregnancy including mistimed pregnancies and abortions.

<p>1. Abortion cost*Proportion of mistimed pregnancy*Proportion of abortion</p><p>2. Delivery cost*(1-(1/(1+discount rate)^{Nb of years birth is delayed}))*Proportion of mistimed pregnancy*Proportion of birth.</p><p>3. Abortion cost*Proportion of “real” unwanted pregnancy*Proportion of abortion.</p><p>4. Delivery cost*Proportion of “real” unwanted pregnancy*Proportion of birth</p><p>Averted costs of averted pregnancy including mistimed pregnancies and abortions.</p

Fig 5 depicts the likelihood that the introduction of SILCS is cost-effective depending on the public health system willingness to pay for different levels of uptake and discount rates.

<p>Fig 5 depicts the likelihood that the introduction of SILCS is cost-effective depending on the public health system willingness to pay for different levels of uptake and discount rates.</p

Fig 1 presents the decomposition of unwanted pregnancies into mistimed and “real” unwanted pregnancies as well as the associated abortion rate for each category.

<p>Fig 1 presents the decomposition of unwanted pregnancies into mistimed and “real” unwanted pregnancies as well as the associated abortion rate for each category.</p