Blocking Ecm1 function alters <i>Ret</i> expression and branching.

<p>In vitro cultured kidneys from Hoxb7-GFP mice grown either in the absence (A, C, E and G) or in the presence(B, D, F and H) of the Ecm1 blocking antibody. A–D: Kidney rudiments were subjected to insitu hybridization and probed for <i>Ret</i> expression. E–H: Hoxb7-GFP kidneys showing branching of the ureteric bud tip. C and D: Arrowheads indicate the expression of <i>Ret</i> in the ub tips (C) or in the clefts (D).</p

Retinoic acid controls stromal cell fate: A–F: Histological sections of wild type, <i>Rara</i>; <i>Rarb2</i> double mutant and <i>Raldh2</i> embryonic kidneys.

<p>A and B: sections of wild type kidneys showing normal distribution of the nephrons. NZ- nephrogenic zone: region under the renal capsule where continuous branching of ub and induction of nephron occurs. DZ- differentiating zone: region containing medullary stroma, differentiating nephrons and collecting duct branches. C, D and E, F: sections of <i>Rara^−/−; Rarβ^−/−</i> and <i>Raldh2</i> kidneys respectively showing reduced NZ region. In situ hybridization in cultured kidneys (G and H): <i>Foxd1LacZ</i> in vitro cultured kidneys probed for <i>Ret</i> expression. Expression of <i>FoxD1-lacZ</i> (blue) in the stromal cells of kidneys cultured in the presence of RA (G) or in the absence of RA (H) for 72 hours. Expression of <i>Ret</i> in the ureteric buds (shown in purple in G) is absent in kidneys cultured in the absence of RA (H). The expression of the stromal marker <i>Foxd1-LacZ</i> is shown in blue (G and H) in kidneys grown on RA+ or RA− media. I–L: wild type in vitro cultured kidneys; cultured in RA+ or RA− media. I and J: kidneys cultured for 24 hours and K and L kidneys cultured for 48 hours. Immunostaining with TUNEL to detect apoptotic cells (labeled in blue, I–L). Arrowheads in G and H indicate stromal cells, which are depleted in H. Arrowheads in J and L represent TUNEL positive cells which are increased in L.</p

Validation of Microarray data. Kidneys cultured in the presence of RA (A, B, C) or absence of RA (F, G, H) and subjected to in situ hybridization of the various genes.

<p>Ecm1 is dependent on retinoic acid and regulates <i>Ret</i> expression in the ureteric bud clefts. <i>Ecm1</i> expression pattern in wild type (D wholemount and E section) and <i>Raldh2</i> kidneys (I wholemount and J section).</p

A) Stromal cell distribution depends on <i>Ret</i> and branching.

<p>Histological sections of Foxd1-LacZ kidneys during embryonic development showing the distribution of stromal cells (blue) in the cortical region of the kidney (a–f). (a) Ampulla stage of ureteric bud (shown in pink, ureteric bud, ub) surrounded by nephron progenitor cells (pink, condensing mesenchyme, cm) and Foxd1- lacZ stromal cells (blue). (b) Growing ampulla surrounded by nephron progenitors at the tips and cleft (yellow arrow head) at the center occupied by stromal cells. (d–e) Stromal cells occupy the cleft made by the bifurcating ureteric bud tips. (f) <i>Ret</i> expression in the ureteric bud tips (white arrows). B) In vitro cultures of Hoxb7-GFP and Foxd1-GFP embryonic kidneys grown either in the presence of RA (culture beads with 10 µg/mL of RA) (a–i) or in the absence of RA (culture beads with basal media) (j–r) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Hoxb7-GFP kidney cultures were probed for <i>Ret</i> expression after culture at 24, 48 and 72 hours (a–c and j–l). Hoxb7-GFP kidneys showing ureteric bud branching (d–f and m–o). Foxd1-GFP kidneys showing stromal cell distribution (g–i and p–r), asterisks show the ureteric buds with stromal cells around them.</p

Microarray data depicting stromal genes regulated by retinoic acid (>1.5 fold change in expression); also shown retinoic acid suppressed genes.

<p>Microarray data depicting stromal genes regulated by retinoic acid (>1.5 fold change in expression); also shown retinoic acid suppressed genes.</p

Additional file 1 of KRAS status predicted by pretreatment MRI radiomics was associated with lung metastasis in locally advanced rectal cancer patients

Supplementary Material

Hollow Metal–Organic Framework Nanospheres via Emulsion-Based Interfacial Synthesis and Their Application in Size-Selective Catalysis

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) represent an emerging class of crystalline materials with well-defined pore structures and hold great potentials in a wide range of important applications. The functionality of MOFs can be further extended by integration with other functional materials, e.g., encapsulating metal nanoparticles, to form hybrid materials with novel properties. In spite of various synthetic approaches that have been developed recently, a facile method to prepare hierarchical hollow MOF nanostructures still remains a challenge. Here we describe a facile emulsion-based interfacial reaction method for the large-scale synthesis of hollow zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) nanospheres with controllable shell thickness. We further demonstrate that functional metal nanoparticles such as Pd nanocubes can be encapsulated during the emulsification process and used for heterogeneous catalysis. The inherently porous structure of ZIF-8 shells enables encapsulated catalysts to show size-selective hydrogenation reactions