Effects of native β-D-glucan and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5, on NO secretion by RAW264.7 cells.

<p>RAW264.7 cells were treated as <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103494#pone-0103494-g005" target="_blank">Fig. 5</a>. After incubation, the NO concentrations in the supernatant were detected by the A₅₄₀ value after reacting with Griess reagent. The data represent the means ± SD. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with control. Each point represents the average of three independent experiments.</p

Controllable synthesis of azoxybenzenes and anilines with alcohol as the reducing agent promoted by KOH

Nitrobenzene and its derivatives can be selectively reduced to the corresponding azoxybenzene and aniline compounds with alcohols as the hydrogen source and KOH as the promoter only by simple changes of reaction conditions.</p

HPLC chromatogram of native β-D-glucan NG and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5 prepared by planetary ball milling.

<p>HPLC chromatogram of native β-D-glucan NG and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5 prepared by planetary ball milling.</p

Effects of native β-D-glucan and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5, on cell proliferation (A) and neutral red uptake (B) of RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells were treated with NG or GP (50, 100, and 500 µg/mL) or LPS (10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL) in different concentrations as described in the Materials and Methods.

<p>After incubation, the viability of RAW264.7 cells was measured by an MTT assay, and the A₅₇₀ value was recorded, whereas the amount of neutral red uptake was detected by the A₅₄₀ value. The data represent the means ± SD. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with control. Each point represents the average of three independent experiments.</p

Effects of native β-D-glucan and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5, on TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) production by RAW264.7 cells.

<p>RAW264.7 cells were treated as <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103494#pone-0103494-g005" target="_blank">Fig. 5</a>. After incubation, the TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in the supernatant were detected using commercial kits. The data represent the means ± SD. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with control. Each point represents the average of three independent experiments.</p

³¹P NMR spectra of insoluble β-D-glucan particles NG, β-D-glucan phosphate GP-2 prepared by planetary ball milling, and sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO₃)₆ milled alone.

<p>³¹P NMR spectra of insoluble β-D-glucan particles NG, β-D-glucan phosphate GP-2 prepared by planetary ball milling, and sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO₃)₆ milled alone.</p

β-D-glucan phosphates prepared under different operation conditions.

a<p>weight ratio of β-D-glucan : sodium hexametaphosphate [(NaPO₃)₆].</p><p>ND not detected.</p

FTIR spectra of insoluble β-D-glucan particles NG and soluble β-D-glucan phosphate GP-2 and GP-4 prepared by planetary ball milling.

<p>FTIR spectra of insoluble β-D-glucan particles NG and soluble β-D-glucan phosphate GP-2 and GP-4 prepared by planetary ball milling.</p

Reductive N‑Alkylation of Nitro Compounds to <i>N</i>‑Alkyl and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>‑Dialkyl Amines with Glycerol as the Hydrogen Source

As the sustainable and promising hydrogen source, here, glycerol was directly used as the hydrogen source for the reductive amination of alcohol using nitrobenzene as the starting material. The amination of alcohols, especially aliphatic alcohols with different structures, was realized, and mono- or disubstituted amines were synthesized with excellent yields. The reaction mechanism was also explored

Ionic Liquid as an Efficient Promoting Medium for Fixation of CO₂: Clean Synthesis of α-Methylene Cyclic Carbonates from CO₂ and Propargyl Alcohols Catalyzed by Metal Salts under Mild Conditions

Reactions of propargylic alcohols with CO2 in a [BMIm][PhSO3]/CuCl catalytic system to produce the corresponding α-methylene cyclic carbonates were conducted with high yields. Mild reaction conditions, enhanced rates, improved yields, and recyclable ionic liquid catalyst systems are the remarkable features exhibited in this process. Furthermore, the use of large amounts of tertiary amines as well as nitrogen-containing organic solvent as employed in previously studies was avoided