Graphite Oxide with Different Oxygenated Levels for Hydrogen and Oxygen Production from Water under Illumination: The Band Positions of Graphite Oxide

Graphite oxide (GO) photocatalysts derived from graphite oxidation can have varied electronic properties by varying the oxidation level. Absorption spectroscopy shows the increasing band gap of GO with the oxygen content. Electrochemical analysis along with the Mott–Schottky equation show that the conduction and valence band edge levels of GO from appropriate oxidation are suitable for both the reduction and the oxidation of water. The conduction band edge shows little variation with the oxidation level, and the valence band edge governs the bandgap width of GO. The photocatalytic activity of GO specimens with various oxygenated levels was measured in methanol and AgNO₃ solutions for evolution of H₂ and O₂, respectively. The H₂ evolution was strong and stable over time, whereas the O₂ evolution was negligibly small due to mutual photocatalytic reduction of the GO with upward shift of the valence band edge under illumination. The conduction band edge of GO showed a negligible change with the illumination. When NaIO₃ was used as a sacrificial reagent to suppress the mutual reduction mechanism under illumination, strong O₂ evolution was observed over the GO specimens. The present study demonstrates that chemical modification can easily modify the electronic properties of GO for specific photosynthetic applications