39 research outputs found
Agricultural Education for Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries – Challenges and Policy Options
Governments all over the world have focused upon sustainable rural development in an organized way. Rural locations, in particular, need more economic development in order to match urban centric development. Poverty in rural areas has remained by and large, the main focal point of governments and development agencies. Sustainable rural development is the most effective way to eliminate this curse. Environment friendly growth stimulators have been provided to rural populations. This paper aims to: (a) give an insight into the linkages between the agricultural education and sustainable rural development, and (b) present strategies for sustainable rural development. Challenges in sustainable rural development for developing countries in the 21st century have also been looked into. The paper concludes that agricultural education institutions in developing countries will need to address not only immediate production needs, but also long-term food security, sustainable agriculture and rural development needs
Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Terminal Alkynes and Sulfonyl Azides for the Assembly of Substituted Aminotriazoles
A simple
combination of CuI/LiO<i>t</i>Bu/DMF enables
the tandem Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition/amidation reaction of terminal
alkynes and sulfonyl azides to 5-sulfamide-1-(<i>N</i>-sulfonyl)-1,2,3-triazoles <b>I</b>, which can undergo an alkylation/desulfonation sequence
to deliver highly substituted aminotriazoles <b>II</b> by one-pot
or one-pot, two-step procedures
Pd-Catalyzed Branching Cyclizations of Enediyne-Imides toward Furo[2,3‑<i>b</i>]pyridines
The
convergent synthesis of a class of enediyne-imides as well
as their palladium-catalyzed branching cyclizations, which can be
accomplished in two ways leading to a set of polysubstituted furoÂ[2,3-<i>b</i>]Âpyridines upon using the <i>N</i>-tosyl carboxamide
moiety as an <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-bisnucleophile,
are presented
Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Terminal Alkynes and Sulfonyl Azides for the Assembly of Substituted Aminotriazoles
A simple
combination of CuI/LiO<i>t</i>Bu/DMF enables
the tandem Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition/amidation reaction of terminal
alkynes and sulfonyl azides to 5-sulfamide-1-(<i>N</i>-sulfonyl)-1,2,3-triazoles <b>I</b>, which can undergo an alkylation/desulfonation sequence
to deliver highly substituted aminotriazoles <b>II</b> by one-pot
or one-pot, two-step procedures
Tuning of Copper-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions toward 3‑Functionalized Oxindoles
A tunable
copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC)-initiated
multicomponent reaction strategy for the construction of 3-functionalized
indolin-2-ones is reported. Upon controlling the ring opening of four-membered <i>O</i>-heterocyclic intermediates, this unique method enables
the divergent derivatization of <i>N</i>-protected isatins
to give three-component (3-CR) and four-component (4-CR) adducts,
respectively
Pd-Catalyzed Branching Cyclizations of Enediyne-Imides toward Furo[2,3‑<i>b</i>]pyridines
The
convergent synthesis of a class of enediyne-imides as well
as their palladium-catalyzed branching cyclizations, which can be
accomplished in two ways leading to a set of polysubstituted furoÂ[2,3-<i>b</i>]Âpyridines upon using the <i>N</i>-tosyl carboxamide
moiety as an <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-bisnucleophile,
are presented
Three-Component Functionalized Dihydropyridine Synthesis via a Formal Inverse Electron-Demand Hetero-Diels–Alder Reaction
A mild
three-component synthetic approach to versatile 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyridines
from terminal alkynes, sulfonyl azides, and <i>N</i>-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes
was successfully developed and relied on the in situ generation of
metalated ynamide intermediates <b>Ib</b> to achieve a formal
inverse electron-demand hetero-Diels–Alder reaction. Experimental
results suggest that alkali metal cations (Li<sup>+</sup> and Cs<sup>+</sup> ions) might play a critical role to achieve the cycloaddition
process
sample3_measurement_data_control
This file contains measurement data of sample 3 individuals in the control group (wild pre-breeding lake and stream stickleback) on rheotactic response, body shape and lateral lin
Coupling and Decoupling Approach Enables Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Bimolecular Carbocyclizations of Enediynes to 2,6-Diacylnaphthalenes
A formal
palladium-catalyzed aerobic bimolecular carbocyclization
reaction of (<i>Z</i>)-hexa-1,5-diyn-3-ene scaffolds has
been successfully developed for the construction of 2,6-diacylnaphthalenes,
wherein copper salts play a critical role in accomplishing the oxygenative
homo- and hetero-dimerization processes of readily accessible enediyne–carboxylic
acids and esters, respectively. The enediyne dimerization protocol
provides a flexible and regiospecific approach to a variety of functionalized
naphthalenes with up to six differentiated substituents in good yields
by using a directing-group-assisted coupling and decoupling strategy.
Mechanistic studies indicated that the two oxygen atoms being selectively
incorporated into the crossover-annulation products of enediynecarboxylic
acid and ester directly originate from atmospheric molecular oxygen
and H<sub>2</sub>O, respectively
sample2_measurement_data
This file contains measurement data of sample 2 individuals (wild lake and stream stickleback during the breeding-season) on rheotactic response and body shape