39 research outputs found

    Agricultural Education for Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries – Challenges and Policy Options

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    Governments all over the world have focused upon sustainable rural development in an organized way. Rural locations, in particular, need more economic development in order to match urban centric development. Poverty in rural areas has remained by and large, the main focal point of governments and development agencies. Sustainable rural development is the most effective way to eliminate this curse. Environment friendly growth stimulators have been provided to rural populations. This paper aims to: (a) give an insight into the linkages between the agricultural education and sustainable rural development, and (b) present strategies for sustainable rural development. Challenges in sustainable rural development for developing countries in the 21st century have also been looked into. The paper concludes that agricultural education institutions in developing countries will need to address not only immediate production needs, but also long-term food security, sustainable agriculture and rural development needs

    Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Terminal Alkynes and Sulfonyl Azides for the Assembly of Substituted Aminotriazoles

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    A simple combination of CuI/LiO<i>t</i>Bu/DMF enables the tandem Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition/amidation reaction of terminal alkynes and sulfonyl azides to 5-sulfamide-1-(<i>N</i>-sulfonyl)-1,2,3-triazoles <b>I</b>, which can undergo an alkylation/desulfonation sequence to deliver highly substituted aminotriazoles <b>II</b> by one-pot or one-pot, two-step procedures

    Pd-Catalyzed Branching Cyclizations of Enediyne-Imides toward Furo[2,3‑<i>b</i>]pyridines

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    The convergent synthesis of a class of enediyne-imides as well as their palladium-catalyzed branching cyclizations, which can be accomplished in two ways leading to a set of polysubstituted furo­[2,3-<i>b</i>]­pyridines upon using the <i>N</i>-tosyl carboxamide moiety as an <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-bisnucleophile, are presented

    Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Terminal Alkynes and Sulfonyl Azides for the Assembly of Substituted Aminotriazoles

    No full text
    A simple combination of CuI/LiO<i>t</i>Bu/DMF enables the tandem Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition/amidation reaction of terminal alkynes and sulfonyl azides to 5-sulfamide-1-(<i>N</i>-sulfonyl)-1,2,3-triazoles <b>I</b>, which can undergo an alkylation/desulfonation sequence to deliver highly substituted aminotriazoles <b>II</b> by one-pot or one-pot, two-step procedures

    Tuning of Copper-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions toward 3‑Functionalized Oxindoles

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    A tunable copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC)-initiated multicomponent reaction strategy for the construction of 3-functionalized indolin-2-ones is reported. Upon controlling the ring opening of four-membered <i>O</i>-heterocyclic intermediates, this unique method enables the divergent derivatization of <i>N</i>-protected isatins to give three-component (3-CR) and four-component (4-CR) adducts, respectively

    Pd-Catalyzed Branching Cyclizations of Enediyne-Imides toward Furo[2,3‑<i>b</i>]pyridines

    No full text
    The convergent synthesis of a class of enediyne-imides as well as their palladium-catalyzed branching cyclizations, which can be accomplished in two ways leading to a set of polysubstituted furo­[2,3-<i>b</i>]­pyridines upon using the <i>N</i>-tosyl carboxamide moiety as an <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-bisnucleophile, are presented

    Three-Component Functionalized Dihydropyridine Synthesis via a Formal Inverse Electron-Demand Hetero-Diels–Alder Reaction

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    A mild three-component synthetic approach to versatile 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyridines from terminal alkynes, sulfonyl azides, and <i>N</i>-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes was successfully developed and relied on the in situ generation of metalated ynamide intermediates <b>Ib</b> to achieve a formal inverse electron-demand hetero-Diels–Alder reaction. Experimental results suggest that alkali metal cations (Li<sup>+</sup> and Cs<sup>+</sup> ions) might play a critical role to achieve the cycloaddition process

    sample3_measurement_data_control

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    This file contains measurement data of sample 3 individuals in the control group (wild pre-breeding lake and stream stickleback) on rheotactic response, body shape and lateral lin

    Coupling and Decoupling Approach Enables Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Bimolecular Carbocyclizations of Enediynes to 2,6-Diacylnaphthalenes

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    A formal palladium-catalyzed aerobic bimolecular carbocyclization reaction of (<i>Z</i>)-hexa-1,5-diyn-3-ene scaffolds has been successfully developed for the construction of 2,6-diacylnaphthalenes, wherein copper salts play a critical role in accomplishing the oxygenative homo- and hetero-dimerization processes of readily accessible enediyne–carboxylic acids and esters, respectively. The enediyne dimerization protocol provides a flexible and regiospecific approach to a variety of functionalized naphthalenes with up to six differentiated substituents in good yields by using a directing-group-assisted coupling and decoupling strategy. Mechanistic studies indicated that the two oxygen atoms being selectively incorporated into the crossover-annulation products of enediynecarboxylic acid and ester directly originate from atmospheric molecular oxygen and H<sub>2</sub>O, respectively

    sample2_measurement_data

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    This file contains measurement data of sample 2 individuals (wild lake and stream stickleback during the breeding-season) on rheotactic response and body shape
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