Correlations between the relative average developmental ratings (A) and corrected percent survival (B) for <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> lines during the F₁ generation and their offspring during the F₂ generation.

Larvae were reared on corn tissue expressing Cry1F. Pearson correlation results reported as r and P values.</p

Hybrids used to screen <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> in this experiment and the associated lepidopteran-specific Bt proteins.

<p>Hybrids used to screen <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> in this experiment and the associated lepidopteran-specific Bt proteins.</p

Pearson correlation values of average developmental ratings, relative average developmental ratings, percent survival (corrected using Abbot’s formula [32]), and larval weight (after seven days) of F₁ <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> lines selected on leaves expressing Bt and non-Bt leaves of closely related hybrids.

<p>* = <i>P</i> <0.05, ** = <i>P</i> <0.001.</p

Distribution of the relative average development rating for seven-day old F₁ larvae of S. <i>frugiperda</i> female lines on corn leaf tissue expressing Cry1F (A) or Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab (B).

<p>Distribution of the relative average development rating for seven-day old F₁ larvae of S. <i>frugiperda</i> female lines on corn leaf tissue expressing Cry1F (A) or Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab (B).</p

Concentration-mortality response (ng/cm²) of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> neonates of a known susceptible population (SS-TX) and a population selected on Cry1F corn leaf tissue (pooled F₃) to diet overlay assays using Cry1F, Cry2Ab2, Cry1A.105 and Vip3Aa20 proteins.

<p>SE = standard error; CL = confidence limits; LC₅₀ = concentration of protein (ng/cm²) required to kill 50% of larvae in the observation period of seven days; LC₉₀ = concentration of protein (ng/cm²) required to kill 90% of larvae in the observation period of seven days.</p

Distribution of the relative average development rating for seven-day old F₂ larvae of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> female lines on corn leaf tissue expressing Cry1F.

<p>Distribution of the relative average development rating for seven-day old F₂ larvae of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> female lines on corn leaf tissue expressing Cry1F.</p

Concentration-mortality response (ng/cm²) of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> neonates of a known susceptible population (SS-TX) and a population selected on Cry1F corn leaf tissue (pooled F₃) to a diet overlay assay using Cry1F protein.

<p>Concentration-mortality response (ng/cm²) of <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> neonates of a known susceptible population (SS-TX) and a population selected on Cry1F corn leaf tissue (pooled F₃) to a diet overlay assay using Cry1F protein.</p

Estimated resistance allele frequency for major non-recessive resistance alleles with Bayesian 95% credibility intervals for field-collected <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> individual female lines (<i>n</i> = 212) to Bt corn hybrids.

<p>Estimated resistance allele frequency for major non-recessive resistance alleles with Bayesian 95% credibility intervals for field-collected <i>S</i>. <i>frugiperda</i> individual female lines (<i>n</i> = 212) to Bt corn hybrids.</p

In-field observation on survivorship (A), and development (B) of <i>H. zea</i> on ears of SmartStax Bt and non-Bt maize plants in three planting patterns.

<p>Detailed data are reported in Table S2. Pure Bt: pure Bt maize planting; Pure non-Bt: pure non-Bt maize planting; RIB refuge: the refuge plants in the RIB planting; A1-Bt: the Bt plants immediately adjacent and within the same row as the refuge plant in RIB planting; A3-Bt: the 3^rd Bt plants on both sides of the refuge plant in the same row in RIB planting, and B-Bt: the closest Bt plants on both sides of the refuge plant in the two adjacent rows in RIB planting. Insect development was converted to development index: 1 = 1^st instar, 2 = 2^nd instar, …, 6 = 6^th instar, 7 = pupal stage. Sample size for measuring survivorship was 240 larvae for RIB and 120 larvae for pure Bt and pure non-Bt. Sample size for determining larval development on pure non-Bt and RIB refuge was 55–150 larvae and on Bt plants was 1–13 larvae. Mean values within an observation time followed by a different letter were significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test, α = 0.05).</p

Percentage of individual kernels expressing Bt proteins in SmartStax maize in pure Bt, pure non-Bt, and RIB plantings^*.

<p>*Means in the table were overall means across three trials (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112962#pone.0112962.s003" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). In each field trial, 5 individual kernels per ear with 10 ears were examined for ears of pure Bt maize plantings (Pure Bt); 25 kernels per ear with 10 ears were tested for ears of pure non-Bt maize plantings (pure non-Bt); and for refuge ears in RIB (RIB refuge), 5 individual kernels per ear with 13 ears were assayed.</p>s<p>Observed frequencies do not fit the assumption of independent segregation in χ²-tests (<i>P</i><0.05) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112962#pone.0112962.s003" target="_blank">Table S1</a>).</p><p>Percentage of individual kernels expressing Bt proteins in SmartStax maize in pure Bt, pure non-Bt, and RIB plantings^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112962#nt101" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p