Spatial distribution pattern of China’s rural digital economy.

(a) Overall level, (b) industrial environment, (c) digital index, (d) development vitality, (e) Internet effect, (f) e-commerce level.</p

Indicator system for county-level digital economies in China.

Indicator system for county-level digital economies in China.</p

Spatial distribution of rural digital economy types in China.

Spatial distribution of rural digital economy types in China.</p

Coefficient of variation of digital economy level in each province.

Coefficient of variation of digital economy level in each province.</p

Indicator weights; test values of the industrial environment system.

Indicator weights; test values of the industrial environment system.</p

The <i>q</i>-values of digital economy development levels at provincial and city scales.

The q-values of digital economy development levels at provincial and city scales.</p

Comparative analysis of the spatial pattern of the digital economy at the province level.

(a) Average of county-level digital economy, (b) Wang’s province-level digital economy index.</p

LISA map of the digital economy at different levels.

(a) County level, (b) city level (average of the county level), (c) province level (average of the county level).</p

Explanation of county-level digital economy types in China.

Explanation of county-level digital economy types in China.</p

Comparative analysis of the spatial pattern of the digital economy at the city level.

(a) Average of county-level digital economy, (b) H3C’s city-level digital economy index.</p