Table1_Directed Technical Change and Pollution Emission: Evidence From Fossil and Renewable Energy Technologies in China.docx

In this paper, we provide a study of the effect of directed technical change in the energy sector on pollution emission. We make an empirical analysis under the framework of the extended stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology model and the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and employ the patent data onto fossil energy and renewable energy technologies from 2000 to 2015 to match the economic and environmental data of 30 provinces in China. We show that the prerequisite of restraining pollution emission is to transform the direction of energy technical change rather than only increase the magnitude of energy technical change. Furthermore, the direction of energy technical change will set up dissimilar purification effects on different pollutants, which indicates that the path of emission reduction of renewable energy technology is different. Moreover, promoting energy technology cooperation in adjacent provinces can further intensify the effect of directed energy technical change in restraining pollution emission according to the regional features of each area, and formulating targeted environmental policies to change the energy technology from dirty to clean can effectively curb environmental degradation, which is the mechanism to realize the rationalization and transformation of the energy structure.</p

Table2_Directed Technical Change and Pollution Emission: Evidence From Fossil and Renewable Energy Technologies in China.docx

In this paper, we provide a study of the effect of directed technical change in the energy sector on pollution emission. We make an empirical analysis under the framework of the extended stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology model and the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and employ the patent data onto fossil energy and renewable energy technologies from 2000 to 2015 to match the economic and environmental data of 30 provinces in China. We show that the prerequisite of restraining pollution emission is to transform the direction of energy technical change rather than only increase the magnitude of energy technical change. Furthermore, the direction of energy technical change will set up dissimilar purification effects on different pollutants, which indicates that the path of emission reduction of renewable energy technology is different. Moreover, promoting energy technology cooperation in adjacent provinces can further intensify the effect of directed energy technical change in restraining pollution emission according to the regional features of each area, and formulating targeted environmental policies to change the energy technology from dirty to clean can effectively curb environmental degradation, which is the mechanism to realize the rationalization and transformation of the energy structure.</p

Table3_Directed Technical Change and Pollution Emission: Evidence From Fossil and Renewable Energy Technologies in China.docx

In this paper, we provide a study of the effect of directed technical change in the energy sector on pollution emission. We make an empirical analysis under the framework of the extended stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology model and the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and employ the patent data onto fossil energy and renewable energy technologies from 2000 to 2015 to match the economic and environmental data of 30 provinces in China. We show that the prerequisite of restraining pollution emission is to transform the direction of energy technical change rather than only increase the magnitude of energy technical change. Furthermore, the direction of energy technical change will set up dissimilar purification effects on different pollutants, which indicates that the path of emission reduction of renewable energy technology is different. Moreover, promoting energy technology cooperation in adjacent provinces can further intensify the effect of directed energy technical change in restraining pollution emission according to the regional features of each area, and formulating targeted environmental policies to change the energy technology from dirty to clean can effectively curb environmental degradation, which is the mechanism to realize the rationalization and transformation of the energy structure.</p

Table4_Directed Technical Change and Pollution Emission: Evidence From Fossil and Renewable Energy Technologies in China.docx

In this paper, we provide a study of the effect of directed technical change in the energy sector on pollution emission. We make an empirical analysis under the framework of the extended stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology model and the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and employ the patent data onto fossil energy and renewable energy technologies from 2000 to 2015 to match the economic and environmental data of 30 provinces in China. We show that the prerequisite of restraining pollution emission is to transform the direction of energy technical change rather than only increase the magnitude of energy technical change. Furthermore, the direction of energy technical change will set up dissimilar purification effects on different pollutants, which indicates that the path of emission reduction of renewable energy technology is different. Moreover, promoting energy technology cooperation in adjacent provinces can further intensify the effect of directed energy technical change in restraining pollution emission according to the regional features of each area, and formulating targeted environmental policies to change the energy technology from dirty to clean can effectively curb environmental degradation, which is the mechanism to realize the rationalization and transformation of the energy structure.</p

<i>VE</i>s obtained by meta-analyses for PCV and Hib.

VEs obtained by meta-analyses for PCV and Hib.</p

Comparison of chest X-ray (CXR) generated <i>%Pneumonia</i> for 3 year-old children in two Chinese cities and one US location.

Comparison of chest X-ray (CXR) generated %Pneumonia for 3 year-old children in two Chinese cities and one US location.</p

High pneumonia lifetime-ever incidence in Beijing children compared with locations in other countries, and implications for national PCV and Hib vaccination

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>To compare the proportion of Beijing children who have ever had pneumonia (<i>%Pneumonia</i>) to those in other locations, and to estimate by how much national vaccine coverage with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) and Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) could reduce Beijing <i>%Pneumonia</i>.</p><p>Methods</p><p><i>%Pneumonia</i> was obtained for each age group from 1 to 8 years inclusive from 5,876 responses to a cross-sectional questionnaire. Literature searches were conducted for world-wide reports of <i>%Pneumonia</i>. Previous vaccine trials conducted worldwide were used to estimate the pneumococcal (<i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>) and Hib (<i>H</i>. <i>influenzae)</i> burdens and <i>%Pneumonia</i> as well as the potential for PCV and Hib vaccines to reduce Beijing children’s <i>%Pneumonia</i>.</p><p>Findings</p><p>The majority of pneumonia cases occurred by the age of three. The cumulative <i>%Pneumonia</i> for 3–8 year-old Beijing children, 26.9%, was only slightly higher than the 25.4% for the discrete 3 year-old age group, similar to trends for Tianjin (China) and Texas (USA). Beijing’s <i>%Pneumonia</i> is disproportionally high relative to its Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, and markedly higher than <i>%Pneumonia</i> in the US and other high GNI per capita countries. Chinese diagnostic guidelines recommend chest X-ray confirmation while most other countries discourage it in favor of clinical diagnosis. Literature review shows that chest X-ray confirmation returns far fewer pneumonia diagnoses than clinical diagnosis. Accordingly, Beijing’s <i>%Pneumonia</i> is likely higher than indicated by raw numbers. Vaccine trials suggest that national PCV and Hib vaccination could reduce Beijing’s <i>%Pneumonia</i> from 26.9% to 19.7% and 24.9% respectively.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>National PCV and Hib vaccination programs would substantially reduce Beijing children’s pneumonia incidence.</p></div

Lifetime-ever pneumonia (<i>%Pneumonia</i>) as related to relative GNI per capita.

<p>Relative GNI per capita is the ratio of a country’s GNI to the World Bank High GNI Index for the children’s birth years.</p

Lifetime-ever pneumonia (<i>%Pneumonia</i>) for each discrete age group from 1 to 8 years old in Beijing, Tianjin (China) and Texas (USA).

<p>Data for this figure is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0171438#pone.0171438.s003" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>. The open circles for Beijing indicate small sample sizes.</p

Ratio of clinical to chest X-ray diagnoses in various samples of children.

<p>Ratio of clinical to chest X-ray diagnoses in various samples of children.</p