C5’ variation of holo and apo states for dsRNA in five systems.

<p>C5’ variation of holo and apo states for dsRNA in five systems.</p

Interaction and alignment of structure for KH-dsRNA and quadruple complex.

<p>A: Hydrogen bond, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions between KH domain and dsRNA for KH-dsRNA and quadruple complex, blue for complex and red for dsRNA-KH. Significant differences for interactions indicate different binding modes. B: The alignment of dsRNA-KH and quadruple complex, blue for complex and red for dsRNA-KH.</p

Distance between GXXG motif of KH and A14 of microRNA and structure alignment for WT and mutant KH-dsRNA.

<p>A: Distance between A14 of microRNA and I(N)GKNG motif of KH for WT and mutant KH-dsRNA. B: KH-domain based alignment of WT (blue) and mutant (red) dsRNA-KH complex. C: The detailed interaction between GXXG motif and dsRNA. I/N304–308 is shown in green stick.</p

microRNA up-regulation translation mechanism.

<p>microRNA up-regulation translation mechanism.</p

Summary of simulation conditions.

<p>Summary of simulation conditions.</p

Distance between Phe69 of PAZ and U12 or U12U13 of dsRNA and average structure of PAZ-dsRNA and quadruqle complex.

<p>A: Distance between Phe69 of PAZ and the base of 3′ terminal of mRNA, U13 in green and U12/U13 in red, respectively. B: The detailed structure near U12/U13 and Phe 69.</p

Alignment between apo-dsRNA and the quadruple complex.

<p>The number of base pairs is marked.</p

The quadruple complex for PAZ-dsRNA-KH.

<p>Major secondary structures are indicated. PAZ represents in orange, KH domain in blue, mRNA in magenta, miR369-3 in green.</p

Distance between the base of mRNA and mircoRNA for apo-dsRNA, PAZ-dsRNA, KH-dsRNA, complex, and mutant KH-dsRNA.

<p>Distance between the base of mRNA and mircoRNA for apo-dsRNA, PAZ-dsRNA, KH-dsRNA, complex, and mutant KH-dsRNA.</p

Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: A Retrospective Study Focused on Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors Related to Death

<div><p>Background</p><p>With the increasing use of immunosuppressive agents, the number of opportunistic infections has risen in patients with autoimmune diseases. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is one of these opportunistic infections that have a high mortality rate. However, only a few studies have described PCP in these patients, and these studies are limited in scope. We conducted this retrospective study to describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with outcomes of PCP in patients with autoimmune diseases.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A retrospective study was performed in laboratory diagnosed PCP patients with autoimmune diseases in an academic hospital over a 10-year period. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were not included. Clinical characteristics were collected and the factors related to death were analysed.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 69 patients with PCP during the study period were included. Common clinical features included fever (81%), cough (56%), and dyspnea (35%). Ground glass opacity (81%) and reticulation (52%) were the most common radiological findings. Concurrent pulmonary infections including bacterium, aspergillus and cytomegalovirus were found in 34% of the patients. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 32%. High mortality was associated with lower PaO₂/FiO₂ ratios and albumin levels. The lymphocyte count, CD4+ T cell count, previous usage of immunosuppressive agents, the duration and dose of glucocorticoids did not affect the outcome.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The mortality rate in PCP patients with autoimmune diseases is high. Low PaO₂/FiO₂ ratios and albumin levels are independent prognostic factors of mortality.</p></div